Add support for asynchronous zvol minor operations

zfsonlinux issue #2217 - zvol minor operations: check snapdev
property before traversing snapshots of a dataset

zfsonlinux issue #3681 - lock order inversion between zvol_open()
and dsl_pool_sync()...zvol_rename_minors()

Create a per-pool zvol taskq for asynchronous zvol tasks.
There are a few key design decisions to be aware of.

* Each taskq must be single threaded to ensure tasks are always
  processed in the order in which they were dispatched.

* There is a taskq per-pool in order to keep the pools independent.
  This way if one pool is suspended it will not impact another.

* The preferred location to dispatch a zvol minor task is a sync
  task.  In this context there is easy access to the spa_t and
  minimal error handling is required because the sync task must
  succeed.

Support for asynchronous zvol minor operations address issue #3681.

Signed-off-by: Boris Protopopov <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Brian Behlendorf <[email protected]>
Closes #2217
Closes #3678
Closes #3681

8 files changed, 436 insertions, 202 deletions

diff --git a/module/zfs/dmu_objset.c b/module/zfs/dmu_objset.c
index acfc7f048..f9c534eb5 100644
--- a/module/zfs/dmu_objset.c
+++ b/module/zfs/dmu_objset.c
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2014 Spectra Logic Corporation, All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2015 Nexenta Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2015, STRATO AG, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Actifio, Inc. All rights reserved.
  */
 
 /* Portions Copyright 2010 Robert Milkowski */
@@ -868,6 +869,8 @@ dmu_objset_create_sync(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 	}
 
 	spa_history_log_internal_ds(ds, "create", tx, "");
+	zvol_create_minors(dp->dp_spa, doca->doca_name, B_TRUE);
+
 	dsl_dataset_rele(ds, FTAG);
 	dsl_dir_rele(pdd, FTAG);
 }
@@ -961,6 +964,7 @@ dmu_objset_clone_sync(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 	dsl_dataset_name(origin, namebuf);
 	spa_history_log_internal_ds(ds, "clone", tx,
 	    "origin=%s (%llu)", namebuf, origin->ds_object);
+	zvol_create_minors(dp->dp_spa, doca->doca_clone, B_TRUE);
 	dsl_dataset_rele(ds, FTAG);
 	dsl_dataset_rele(origin, FTAG);
 	dsl_dir_rele(pdd, FTAG);
diff --git a/module/zfs/dmu_send.c b/module/zfs/dmu_send.c
index 6585e4778..613770e10 100644
--- a/module/zfs/dmu_send.c
+++ b/module/zfs/dmu_send.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * Copyright 2011 Nexenta Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2014, Joyent, Inc. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2011, 2014 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Actifio, Inc. All rights reserved.
  */
 
 #include <sys/dmu.h>
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@
 #include <sys/dsl_bookmark.h>
 #include <sys/zfeature.h>
 #include <sys/bqueue.h>
+#include <sys/zvol.h>
 
 /* Set this tunable to TRUE to replace corrupt data with 0x2f5baddb10c */
 int zfs_send_corrupt_data = B_FALSE;
@@ -2646,6 +2648,7 @@ dmu_recv_end_sync(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 		dsl_dataset_phys(ds)->ds_flags &= ~DS_FLAG_INCONSISTENT;
 	}
 	drc->drc_newsnapobj = dsl_dataset_phys(drc->drc_ds)->ds_prev_snap_obj;
+	zvol_create_minors(dp->dp_spa, drc->drc_tofs, B_TRUE);
 	/*
 	 * Release the hold from dmu_recv_begin.  This must be done before
 	 * we return to open context, so that when we free the dataset's dnode,
diff --git a/module/zfs/dsl_dataset.c b/module/zfs/dsl_dataset.c
index a5a9694fc..230027daf 100644
--- a/module/zfs/dsl_dataset.c
+++ b/module/zfs/dsl_dataset.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2014, Joyent, Inc. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2014 RackTop Systems.
  * Copyright (c) 2014 Spectra Logic Corporation, All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Actifio, Inc. All rights reserved.
  */
 
 #include <sys/dmu_objset.h>
@@ -1424,6 +1425,7 @@ dsl_dataset_snapshot_sync(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 			dsl_props_set_sync_impl(ds->ds_prev,
 			    ZPROP_SRC_LOCAL, ddsa->ddsa_props, tx);
 		}
+		zvol_create_minors(dp->dp_spa, nvpair_name(pair), B_TRUE);
 		dsl_dataset_rele(ds, FTAG);
 	}
 }
@@ -1498,16 +1500,6 @@ dsl_dataset_snapshot(nvlist_t *snaps, nvlist_t *props, nvlist_t *errors)
 		fnvlist_free(suspended);
 	}
 
-#ifdef _KERNEL
-	if (error == 0) {
-		for (pair = nvlist_next_nvpair(snaps, NULL); pair != NULL;
-		    pair = nvlist_next_nvpair(snaps, pair)) {
-			char *snapname = nvpair_name(pair);
-			zvol_create_minors(snapname);
-		}
-	}
-#endif
-
 	return (error);
 }
 
@@ -1930,6 +1922,8 @@ dsl_dataset_rename_snapshot_sync_impl(dsl_pool_t *dp,
 	VERIFY0(zap_add(dp->dp_meta_objset,
 	    dsl_dataset_phys(hds)->ds_snapnames_zapobj,
 	    ds->ds_snapname, 8, 1, &ds->ds_object, tx));
+	zvol_rename_minors(dp->dp_spa, ddrsa->ddrsa_oldsnapname,
+	    ddrsa->ddrsa_newsnapname, B_TRUE);
 
 	dsl_dataset_rele(ds, FTAG);
 	return (0);
@@ -1958,11 +1952,6 @@ int
 dsl_dataset_rename_snapshot(const char *fsname,
     const char *oldsnapname, const char *newsnapname, boolean_t recursive)
 {
-#ifdef _KERNEL
-	char *oldname, *newname;
-#endif
-	int error;
-
 	dsl_dataset_rename_snapshot_arg_t ddrsa;
 
 	ddrsa.ddrsa_fsname = fsname;
@@ -1970,22 +1959,9 @@ dsl_dataset_rename_snapshot(const char *fsname,
 	ddrsa.ddrsa_newsnapname = newsnapname;
 	ddrsa.ddrsa_recursive = recursive;
 
-	error = dsl_sync_task(fsname, dsl_dataset_rename_snapshot_check,
+	return (dsl_sync_task(fsname, dsl_dataset_rename_snapshot_check,
 	    dsl_dataset_rename_snapshot_sync, &ddrsa,
-	    1, ZFS_SPACE_CHECK_RESERVED);
-
-	if (error)
-	    return (SET_ERROR(error));
-
-#ifdef _KERNEL
-	oldname = kmem_asprintf("%s@%s", fsname, oldsnapname);
-	newname = kmem_asprintf("%s@%s", fsname, newsnapname);
-	zvol_rename_minors(oldname, newname);
-	strfree(newname);
-	strfree(oldname);
-#endif
-
-	return (0);
+	    1, ZFS_SPACE_CHECK_RESERVED));
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/module/zfs/dsl_destroy.c b/module/zfs/dsl_destroy.c
index d0015d1bd..d7c34c9a4 100644
--- a/module/zfs/dsl_destroy.c
+++ b/module/zfs/dsl_destroy.c
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2012, 2015 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2013 Steven Hartland. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2013 by Joyent, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Actifio, Inc. All rights reserved.
  */
 
 #include <sys/zfs_context.h>
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@
 #include <sys/zfs_ioctl.h>
 #include <sys/dsl_deleg.h>
 #include <sys/dmu_impl.h>
+#include <sys/zvol.h>
 
 typedef struct dmu_snapshots_destroy_arg {
 	nvlist_t *dsda_snaps;
@@ -243,9 +245,6 @@ dsl_dataset_remove_clones_key(dsl_dataset_t *ds, uint64_t mintxg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 void
 dsl_destroy_snapshot_sync_impl(dsl_dataset_t *ds, boolean_t defer, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 {
-#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
-	int err;
-#endif
 	spa_feature_t f;
 	int after_branch_point = FALSE;
 	dsl_pool_t *dp = ds->ds_dir->dd_pool;
@@ -441,6 +440,7 @@ dsl_destroy_snapshot_sync_impl(dsl_dataset_t *ds, boolean_t defer, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 #ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
 	{
 		uint64_t val;
+		int err;
 
 		err = dsl_dataset_snap_lookup(ds_head,
 		    ds->ds_snapname, &val);
@@ -490,6 +490,7 @@ dsl_destroy_snapshot_sync(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 		VERIFY0(dsl_dataset_hold(dp, nvpair_name(pair), FTAG, &ds));
 
 		dsl_destroy_snapshot_sync_impl(ds, dsda->dsda_defer, tx);
+		zvol_remove_minors(dp->dp_spa, nvpair_name(pair), B_TRUE);
 		dsl_dataset_rele(ds, FTAG);
 	}
 }
@@ -889,6 +890,7 @@ dsl_destroy_head_sync(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 
 	VERIFY0(dsl_dataset_hold(dp, ddha->ddha_name, FTAG, &ds));
 	dsl_destroy_head_sync_impl(ds, tx);
+	zvol_remove_minors(dp->dp_spa, ddha->ddha_name, B_TRUE);
 	dsl_dataset_rele(ds, FTAG);
 }
 
diff --git a/module/zfs/dsl_dir.c b/module/zfs/dsl_dir.c
index 2c521e285..8983e0793 100644
--- a/module/zfs/dsl_dir.c
+++ b/module/zfs/dsl_dir.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2013 Martin Matuska. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2014 Joyent, Inc. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2014 Spectra Logic Corporation, All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Actifio, Inc. All rights reserved.
  */
 
 #include <sys/dmu.h>
@@ -1909,9 +1910,8 @@ dsl_dir_rename_sync(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
 	VERIFY0(zap_add(mos, dsl_dir_phys(newparent)->dd_child_dir_zapobj,
 	    dd->dd_myname, 8, 1, &dd->dd_object, tx));
 
-#ifdef _KERNEL
-	zvol_rename_minors(ddra->ddra_oldname, ddra->ddra_newname);
-#endif
+	zvol_rename_minors(dp->dp_spa, ddra->ddra_oldname,
+	    ddra->ddra_newname, B_TRUE);
 
 	dsl_prop_notify_all(dd);
 
diff --git a/module/zfs/spa.c b/module/zfs/spa.c
index 34a317fbe..01048bfe9 100644
--- a/module/zfs/spa.c
+++ b/module/zfs/spa.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2013 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2013, 2014, Nexenta Systems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2014 Spectra Logic Corporation, All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Actifio, Inc. All rights reserved.
  */
 
 /*
@@ -1136,6 +1137,24 @@ spa_activate(spa_t *spa, int mode)
 	avl_create(&spa->spa_errlist_last,
 	    spa_error_entry_compare, sizeof (spa_error_entry_t),
 	    offsetof(spa_error_entry_t, se_avl));
+
+	/*
+	 * This taskq is used to perform zvol-minor-related tasks
+	 * asynchronously. This has several advantages, including easy
+	 * resolution of various deadlocks (zfsonlinux bug #3681).
+	 *
+	 * The taskq must be single threaded to ensure tasks are always
+	 * processed in the order in which they were dispatched.
+	 *
+	 * A taskq per pool allows one to keep the pools independent.
+	 * This way if one pool is suspended, it will not impact another.
+	 *
+	 * The preferred location to dispatch a zvol minor task is a sync
+	 * task. In this context, there is easy access to the spa_t and minimal
+	 * error handling is required because the sync task must succeed.
+	 */
+	spa->spa_zvol_taskq = taskq_create("z_zvol", 1, defclsyspri,
+	    1, INT_MAX, 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1154,6 +1173,11 @@ spa_deactivate(spa_t *spa)
 
 	spa_evicting_os_wait(spa);
 
+	if (spa->spa_zvol_taskq) {
+		taskq_destroy(spa->spa_zvol_taskq);
+		spa->spa_zvol_taskq = NULL;
+	}
+
 	txg_list_destroy(&spa->spa_vdev_txg_list);
 
 	list_destroy(&spa->spa_config_dirty_list);
@@ -3088,10 +3112,8 @@ spa_open_common(const char *pool, spa_t **spapp, void *tag, nvlist_t *nvpolicy,
 		mutex_exit(&spa_namespace_lock);
 	}
 
-#ifdef _KERNEL
 	if (firstopen)
-		zvol_create_minors(spa->spa_name);
-#endif
+		zvol_create_minors(spa, spa_name(spa), B_TRUE);
 
 	*spapp = spa;
 
@@ -4211,10 +4233,7 @@ spa_import(char *pool, nvlist_t *config, nvlist_t *props, uint64_t flags)
 
 	mutex_exit(&spa_namespace_lock);
 	spa_history_log_version(spa, "import");
-
-#ifdef _KERNEL
-	zvol_create_minors(pool);
-#endif
+	zvol_create_minors(spa, pool, B_TRUE);
 
 	return (0);
 }
@@ -4349,6 +4368,10 @@ spa_export_common(char *pool, int new_state, nvlist_t **oldconfig,
 	spa_open_ref(spa, FTAG);
 	mutex_exit(&spa_namespace_lock);
 	spa_async_suspend(spa);
+	if (spa->spa_zvol_taskq) {
+		zvol_remove_minors(spa, spa_name(spa), B_TRUE);
+		taskq_wait(spa->spa_zvol_taskq);
+	}
 	mutex_enter(&spa_namespace_lock);
 	spa_close(spa, FTAG);
 
diff --git a/module/zfs/zfs_ioctl.c b/module/zfs/zfs_ioctl.c
index 746a3f0fc..5c84d238f 100644
--- a/module/zfs/zfs_ioctl.c
+++ b/module/zfs/zfs_ioctl.c
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2011, 2014 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2013 by Saso Kiselkov. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2013 Steven Hartland. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Actifio, Inc. All rights reserved.
  */
 
 /*
@@ -1499,8 +1500,7 @@ zfs_ioc_pool_destroy(zfs_cmd_t *zc)
 	int error;
 	zfs_log_history(zc);
 	error = spa_destroy(zc->zc_name);
-	if (error == 0)
-		zvol_remove_minors(zc->zc_name);
+
 	return (error);
 }
 
@@ -1552,8 +1552,7 @@ zfs_ioc_pool_export(zfs_cmd_t *zc)
 
 	zfs_log_history(zc);
 	error = spa_export(zc->zc_name, NULL, force, hardforce);
-	if (error == 0)
-		zvol_remove_minors(zc->zc_name);
+
 	return (error);
 }
 
@@ -2394,7 +2393,7 @@ zfs_prop_set_special(const char *dsname, zprop_source_t source,
 		err = zvol_set_volsize(dsname, intval);
 		break;
 	case ZFS_PROP_SNAPDEV:
-		err = zvol_set_snapdev(dsname, intval);
+		err = zvol_set_snapdev(dsname, source, intval);
 		break;
 	case ZFS_PROP_VERSION:
 	{
@@ -3188,12 +3187,6 @@ zfs_ioc_create(const char *fsname, nvlist_t *innvl, nvlist_t *outnvl)
 		if (error != 0)
 			(void) dsl_destroy_head(fsname);
 	}
-
-#ifdef _KERNEL
-	if (error == 0 && type == DMU_OST_ZVOL)
-		zvol_create_minors(fsname);
-#endif
-
 	return (error);
 }
 
@@ -3236,12 +3229,6 @@ zfs_ioc_clone(const char *fsname, nvlist_t *innvl, nvlist_t *outnvl)
 		if (error != 0)
 			(void) dsl_destroy_head(fsname);
 	}
-
-#ifdef _KERNEL
-	if (error == 0)
-		zvol_create_minors(fsname);
-#endif
-
 	return (error);
 }
 
@@ -3304,11 +3291,6 @@ zfs_ioc_snapshot(const char *poolname, nvlist_t *innvl, nvlist_t *outnvl)
 
 	error = dsl_dataset_snapshot(snaps, props, outnvl);
 
-#ifdef _KERNEL
-	if (error == 0)
-		zvol_create_minors(poolname);
-#endif
-
 	return (error);
 }
 
@@ -3434,7 +3416,6 @@ zfs_ioc_destroy_snaps(const char *poolname, nvlist_t *innvl, nvlist_t *outnvl)
 	for (pair = nvlist_next_nvpair(snaps, NULL); pair != NULL;
 	    pair = nvlist_next_nvpair(snaps, pair)) {
 		(void) zfs_unmount_snap(nvpair_name(pair));
-		(void) zvol_remove_minor(nvpair_name(pair));
 	}
 
 	return (dsl_destroy_snapshots_nvl(snaps, defer, outnvl));
@@ -3560,8 +3541,7 @@ zfs_ioc_destroy(zfs_cmd_t *zc)
 		err = dsl_destroy_snapshot(zc->zc_name, zc->zc_defer_destroy);
 	else
 		err = dsl_destroy_head(zc->zc_name);
-	if (zc->zc_objset_type == DMU_OST_ZVOL && err == 0)
-		(void) zvol_remove_minor(zc->zc_name);
+
 	return (err);
 }
 
@@ -4127,11 +4107,6 @@ zfs_ioc_recv(zfs_cmd_t *zc)
 	}
 #endif
 
-#ifdef _KERNEL
-	if (error == 0)
-		zvol_create_minors(tofs);
-#endif
-
 	/*
 	 * On error, restore the original props.
 	 */
@@ -6032,16 +6007,16 @@ _init(void)
 		return (error);
 	}
 
+	if ((error = -zvol_init()) != 0)
+		return (error);
+
 	spa_init(FREAD | FWRITE);
 	zfs_init();
 
-	if ((error = -zvol_init()) != 0)
-		goto out1;
-
 	zfs_ioctl_init();
 
 	if ((error = zfs_attach()) != 0)
-		goto out2;
+		goto out;
 
 	tsd_create(&zfs_fsyncer_key, NULL);
 	tsd_create(&rrw_tsd_key, rrw_tsd_destroy);
@@ -6057,11 +6032,10 @@ _init(void)
 
 	return (0);
 
-out2:
-	(void) zvol_fini();
-out1:
+out:
 	zfs_fini();
 	spa_fini();
+	(void) zvol_fini();
 	printk(KERN_NOTICE "ZFS: Failed to Load ZFS Filesystem v%s-%s%s"
 	    ", rc = %d\n", ZFS_META_VERSION, ZFS_META_RELEASE,
 	    ZFS_DEBUG_STR, error);
@@ -6073,9 +6047,9 @@ static void __exit
 _fini(void)
 {
 	zfs_detach();
-	zvol_fini();
 	zfs_fini();
 	spa_fini();
+	zvol_fini();
 
 	tsd_destroy(&zfs_fsyncer_key);
 	tsd_destroy(&rrw_tsd_key);
diff --git a/module/zfs/zvol.c b/module/zfs/zvol.c
index 034cf6a6a..ab4d3ceb7 100644
--- a/module/zfs/zvol.c
+++ b/module/zfs/zvol.c
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 #include <sys/dmu_traverse.h>
 #include <sys/dsl_dataset.h>
 #include <sys/dsl_prop.h>
+#include <sys/dsl_dir.h>
 #include <sys/zap.h>
 #include <sys/zfeature.h>
 #include <sys/zil_impl.h>
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@
 #include <sys/zio.h>
 #include <sys/zfs_rlock.h>
 #include <sys/zfs_znode.h>
+#include <sys/spa_impl.h>
 #include <sys/zvol.h>
 #include <linux/blkdev_compat.h>
 
@@ -81,6 +83,23 @@ typedef struct zvol_state {
 	list_node_t		zv_next;	/* next zvol_state_t linkage */
 } zvol_state_t;
 
+typedef enum {
+	ZVOL_ASYNC_CREATE_MINORS,
+	ZVOL_ASYNC_REMOVE_MINORS,
+	ZVOL_ASYNC_RENAME_MINORS,
+	ZVOL_ASYNC_SET_SNAPDEV,
+	ZVOL_ASYNC_MAX
+} zvol_async_op_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+	zvol_async_op_t op;
+	char pool[MAXNAMELEN];
+	char name1[MAXNAMELEN];
+	char name2[MAXNAMELEN];
+	zprop_source_t source;
+	uint64_t snapdev;
+} zvol_task_t;
+
 #define	ZVOL_RDONLY	0x1
 
 /*
@@ -977,6 +996,7 @@ zvol_first_open(zvol_state_t *zv)
 	error = zap_lookup(os, ZVOL_ZAP_OBJ, "size", 8, 1, &volsize);
 	if (error) {
 		dmu_objset_disown(os, zvol_tag);
+		zv->zv_objset = NULL;
 		goto out_mutex;
 	}
 
@@ -984,6 +1004,7 @@ zvol_first_open(zvol_state_t *zv)
 	error = dmu_bonus_hold(os, ZVOL_OBJ, zvol_tag, &zv->zv_dbuf);
 	if (error) {
 		dmu_objset_disown(os, zvol_tag);
+		zv->zv_objset = NULL;
 		goto out_mutex;
 	}
 
@@ -1036,7 +1057,7 @@ zvol_open(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t flag)
 
 	/*
 	 * If the caller is already holding the mutex do not take it
-	 * again, this will happen as part of zvol_create_minor().
+	 * again, this will happen as part of zvol_create_minor_impl().
 	 * Once add_disk() is called the device is live and the kernel
 	 * will attempt to open it to read the partition information.
 	 */
@@ -1355,31 +1376,13 @@ zvol_free(zvol_state_t *zv)
 	kmem_free(zv, sizeof (zvol_state_t));
 }
 
+/*
+ * Create a block device minor node and setup the linkage between it
+ * and the specified volume.  Once this function returns the block
+ * device is live and ready for use.
+ */
 static int
-__zvol_snapdev_hidden(const char *name)
-{
-	uint64_t snapdev;
-	char *parent;
-	char *atp;
-	int error = 0;
-
-	parent = kmem_alloc(MAXPATHLEN, KM_SLEEP);
-	(void) strlcpy(parent, name, MAXPATHLEN);
-
-	if ((atp = strrchr(parent, '@')) != NULL) {
-		*atp = '\0';
-		error = dsl_prop_get_integer(parent, "snapdev", &snapdev, NULL);
-		if ((error == 0) && (snapdev == ZFS_SNAPDEV_HIDDEN))
-			error = SET_ERROR(ENODEV);
-	}
-
-	kmem_free(parent, MAXPATHLEN);
-
-	return (SET_ERROR(error));
-}
-
-static int
-__zvol_create_minor(const char *name, boolean_t ignore_snapdev)
+zvol_create_minor_impl(const char *name)
 {
 	zvol_state_t *zv;
 	objset_t *os;
@@ -1389,7 +1392,7 @@ __zvol_create_minor(const char *name, boolean_t ignore_snapdev)
 	unsigned minor = 0;
 	int error = 0;
 
-	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&zvol_state_lock));
+	mutex_enter(&zvol_state_lock);
 
 	zv = zvol_find_by_name(name);
 	if (zv) {
@@ -1397,12 +1400,6 @@ __zvol_create_minor(const char *name, boolean_t ignore_snapdev)
 		goto out;
 	}
 
-	if (ignore_snapdev == B_FALSE) {
-		error = __zvol_snapdev_hidden(name);
-		if (error)
-			goto out;
-	}
-
 	doi = kmem_alloc(sizeof (dmu_object_info_t), KM_SLEEP);
 
 	error = dmu_objset_own(name, DMU_OST_ZVOL, B_TRUE, zvol_tag, &os);
@@ -1489,69 +1486,18 @@ out:
 		 */
 		mutex_exit(&zvol_state_lock);
 		add_disk(zv->zv_disk);
-		mutex_enter(&zvol_state_lock);
+	} else {
+		mutex_exit(&zvol_state_lock);
 	}
 
 	return (SET_ERROR(error));
 }
 
 /*
- * Create a block device minor node and setup the linkage between it
- * and the specified volume.  Once this function returns the block
- * device is live and ready for use.
- */
-int
-zvol_create_minor(const char *name)
-{
-	int error;
-
-	mutex_enter(&zvol_state_lock);
-	error = __zvol_create_minor(name, B_FALSE);
-	mutex_exit(&zvol_state_lock);
-
-	return (SET_ERROR(error));
-}
-
-static int
-__zvol_remove_minor(const char *name)
-{
-	zvol_state_t *zv;
-
-	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&zvol_state_lock));
-
-	zv = zvol_find_by_name(name);
-	if (zv == NULL)
-		return (SET_ERROR(ENXIO));
-
-	if (zv->zv_open_count > 0)
-		return (SET_ERROR(EBUSY));
-
-	zvol_remove(zv);
-	zvol_free(zv);
-
-	return (0);
-}
-
-/*
- * Remove a block device minor node for the specified volume.
- */
-int
-zvol_remove_minor(const char *name)
-{
-	int error;
-
-	mutex_enter(&zvol_state_lock);
-	error = __zvol_remove_minor(name);
-	mutex_exit(&zvol_state_lock);
-
-	return (SET_ERROR(error));
-}
-
-/*
  * Rename a block device minor mode for the specified volume.
  */
 static void
-__zvol_rename_minor(zvol_state_t *zv, const char *newname)
+zvol_rename_minor(zvol_state_t *zv, const char *newname)
 {
 	int readonly = get_disk_ro(zv->zv_disk);
 
@@ -1571,30 +1517,120 @@ __zvol_rename_minor(zvol_state_t *zv, const char *newname)
 	set_disk_ro(zv->zv_disk, readonly);
 }
 
+
+/*
+ * Mask errors to continue dmu_objset_find() traversal
+ */
+static int
+zvol_create_snap_minor_cb(const char *dsname, void *arg)
+{
+	const char *name = (const char *)arg;
+
+	/* skip the designated dataset */
+	if (name && strcmp(dsname, name) == 0)
+		return (0);
+
+	/* at this point, the dsname should name a snapshot */
+	if (strchr(dsname, '@') == 0) {
+		dprintf("zvol_create_snap_minor_cb(): "
+			"%s is not a shapshot name\n", dsname);
+	} else {
+		(void) zvol_create_minor_impl(dsname);
+	}
+
+	return (0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mask errors to continue dmu_objset_find() traversal
+ */
 static int
 zvol_create_minors_cb(const char *dsname, void *arg)
 {
-	(void) zvol_create_minor(dsname);
+	uint64_t snapdev;
+	int error;
+
+	error = dsl_prop_get_integer(dsname, "snapdev", &snapdev, NULL);
+	if (error)
+		return (0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Given the name and the 'snapdev' property, create device minor nodes
+	 * with the linkages to zvols/snapshots as needed.
+	 * If the name represents a zvol, create a minor node for the zvol, then
+	 * check if its snapshots are 'visible', and if so, iterate over the
+	 * snapshots and create device minor nodes for those.
+	 */
+	if (strchr(dsname, '@') == 0) {
+		/* create minor for the 'dsname' explicitly */
+		error = zvol_create_minor_impl(dsname);
+		if ((error == 0 || error == EEXIST) &&
+		    (snapdev == ZFS_SNAPDEV_VISIBLE)) {
+			fstrans_cookie_t cookie = spl_fstrans_mark();
+			/*
+			 * traverse snapshots only, do not traverse children,
+			 * and skip the 'dsname'
+			 */
+			error = dmu_objset_find((char *)dsname,
+			    zvol_create_snap_minor_cb, (void *)dsname,
+			    DS_FIND_SNAPSHOTS);
+			spl_fstrans_unmark(cookie);
+		}
+	} else {
+		dprintf("zvol_create_minors_cb(): %s is not a zvol name\n",
+			dsname);
+	}
 
 	return (0);
 }
 
 /*
- * Create minors for specified dataset including children and snapshots.
+ * Create minors for the specified dataset, including children and snapshots.
+ * Pay attention to the 'snapdev' property and iterate over the snapshots
+ * only if they are 'visible'. This approach allows one to assure that the
+ * snapshot metadata is read from disk only if it is needed.
+ *
+ * The name can represent a dataset to be recursively scanned for zvols and
+ * their snapshots, or a single zvol snapshot. If the name represents a
+ * dataset, the scan is performed in two nested stages:
+ * - scan the dataset for zvols, and
+ * - for each zvol, create a minor node, then check if the zvol's snapshots
+ *   are 'visible', and only then iterate over the snapshots if needed
+ *
+ * If the name represents a snapshot, a check is perfromed if the snapshot is
+ * 'visible' (which also verifies that the parent is a zvol), and if so,
+ * a minor node for that snapshot is created.
  */
-int
-zvol_create_minors(const char *name)
+static int
+zvol_create_minors_impl(const char *name)
 {
 	int error = 0;
 	fstrans_cookie_t cookie;
+	char *atp, *parent;
 
 	if (zvol_inhibit_dev)
 		return (0);
 
-	cookie = spl_fstrans_mark();
-	error = dmu_objset_find((char *)name, zvol_create_minors_cb,
-	    NULL, DS_FIND_CHILDREN | DS_FIND_SNAPSHOTS);
-	spl_fstrans_unmark(cookie);
+	parent = kmem_alloc(MAXPATHLEN, KM_SLEEP);
+	(void) strlcpy(parent, name, MAXPATHLEN);
+
+	if ((atp = strrchr(parent, '@')) != NULL) {
+		uint64_t snapdev;
+
+		*atp = '\0';
+		error = dsl_prop_get_integer(parent, "snapdev",
+		    &snapdev, NULL);
+
+		if (error == 0 && snapdev == ZFS_SNAPDEV_VISIBLE)
+			error = zvol_create_minor_impl(name);
+	} else {
+		cookie = spl_fstrans_mark();
+		error = dmu_objset_find(parent, zvol_create_minors_cb,
+		    NULL, DS_FIND_CHILDREN);
+		spl_fstrans_unmark(cookie);
+	}
+
+	kmem_free(parent, MAXPATHLEN);
 
 	return (SET_ERROR(error));
 }
@@ -1602,8 +1638,8 @@ zvol_create_minors(const char *name)
 /*
  * Remove minors for specified dataset including children and snapshots.
  */
-void
-zvol_remove_minors(const char *name)
+static void
+zvol_remove_minors_impl(const char *name)
 {
 	zvol_state_t *zv, *zv_next;
 	int namelen = ((name) ? strlen(name) : 0);
@@ -1633,11 +1669,41 @@ zvol_remove_minors(const char *name)
 	mutex_exit(&zvol_state_lock);
 }
 
+/* Remove minor for this specific snapshot only */
+static void
+zvol_remove_minor_impl(const char *name)
+{
+	zvol_state_t *zv, *zv_next;
+
+	if (zvol_inhibit_dev)
+		return;
+
+	if (strchr(name, '@') == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	mutex_enter(&zvol_state_lock);
+
+	for (zv = list_head(&zvol_state_list); zv != NULL; zv = zv_next) {
+		zv_next = list_next(&zvol_state_list, zv);
+
+		if (strcmp(zv->zv_name, name) == 0) {
+			/* If in use, leave alone */
+			if (zv->zv_open_count > 0)
+				continue;
+			zvol_remove(zv);
+			zvol_free(zv);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	mutex_exit(&zvol_state_lock);
+}
+
 /*
  * Rename minors for specified dataset including children and snapshots.
  */
-void
-zvol_rename_minors(const char *oldname, const char *newname)
+static void
+zvol_rename_minors_impl(const char *oldname, const char *newname)
 {
 	zvol_state_t *zv, *zv_next;
 	int oldnamelen, newnamelen;
@@ -1660,14 +1726,14 @@ zvol_rename_minors(const char *oldname, const char *newname)
 			continue;
 
 		if (strcmp(zv->zv_name, oldname) == 0) {
-			__zvol_rename_minor(zv, newname);
+			zvol_rename_minor(zv, newname);
 		} else if (strncmp(zv->zv_name, oldname, oldnamelen) == 0 &&
 		    (zv->zv_name[oldnamelen] == '/' ||
 		    zv->zv_name[oldnamelen] == '@')) {
 			snprintf(name, MAXNAMELEN, "%s%c%s", newname,
 			    zv->zv_name[oldnamelen],
 			    zv->zv_name + oldnamelen + 1);
-			__zvol_rename_minor(zv, name);
+			zvol_rename_minor(zv, name);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1676,42 +1742,227 @@ zvol_rename_minors(const char *oldname, const char *newname)
 	kmem_free(name, MAXNAMELEN);
 }
 
+typedef struct zvol_snapdev_cb_arg {
+	uint64_t snapdev;
+} zvol_snapdev_cb_arg_t;
+
 static int
-snapdev_snapshot_changed_cb(const char *dsname, void *arg) {
-	uint64_t snapdev = *(uint64_t *) arg;
+zvol_set_snapdev_cb(const char *dsname, void *param) {
+	zvol_snapdev_cb_arg_t *arg = param;
 
 	if (strchr(dsname, '@') == NULL)
 		return (0);
 
-	switch (snapdev) {
+	switch (arg->snapdev) {
 		case ZFS_SNAPDEV_VISIBLE:
-			mutex_enter(&zvol_state_lock);
-			(void) __zvol_create_minor(dsname, B_TRUE);
-			mutex_exit(&zvol_state_lock);
+			(void) zvol_create_minor_impl(dsname);
 			break;
 		case ZFS_SNAPDEV_HIDDEN:
-			(void) zvol_remove_minor(dsname);
+			(void) zvol_remove_minor_impl(dsname);
 			break;
 	}
 
 	return (0);
 }
 
+static void
+zvol_set_snapdev_impl(char *name, uint64_t snapdev)
+{
+	zvol_snapdev_cb_arg_t arg = {snapdev};
+	fstrans_cookie_t cookie = spl_fstrans_mark();
+	/*
+	 * The zvol_set_snapdev_sync() sets snapdev appropriately
+	 * in the dataset hierarchy. Here, we only scan snapshots.
+	 */
+	dmu_objset_find(name, zvol_set_snapdev_cb, &arg, DS_FIND_SNAPSHOTS);
+	spl_fstrans_unmark(cookie);
+}
+
+static zvol_task_t *
+zvol_task_alloc(zvol_async_op_t op, const char *name1, const char *name2,
+    uint64_t snapdev)
+{
+	zvol_task_t *task;
+	char *delim;
+
+	/* Never allow tasks on hidden names. */
+	if (name1[0] == '$')
+		return (NULL);
+
+	task = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (zvol_task_t), KM_SLEEP);
+	task->op = op;
+	task->snapdev = snapdev;
+	delim = strchr(name1, '/');
+	strlcpy(task->pool, name1, delim ? (delim - name1 + 1) : MAXNAMELEN);
+
+	strlcpy(task->name1, name1, MAXNAMELEN);
+	if (name2 != NULL)
+		strlcpy(task->name2, name2, MAXNAMELEN);
+
+	return (task);
+}
+
+static void
+zvol_task_free(zvol_task_t *task)
+{
+	kmem_free(task, sizeof (zvol_task_t));
+}
+
+/*
+ * The worker thread function performed asynchronously.
+ */
+static void
+zvol_task_cb(void *param)
+{
+	zvol_task_t *task = (zvol_task_t *)param;
+
+	switch (task->op) {
+	case ZVOL_ASYNC_CREATE_MINORS:
+		(void) zvol_create_minors_impl(task->name1);
+		break;
+	case ZVOL_ASYNC_REMOVE_MINORS:
+		zvol_remove_minors_impl(task->name1);
+		break;
+	case ZVOL_ASYNC_RENAME_MINORS:
+		zvol_rename_minors_impl(task->name1, task->name2);
+		break;
+	case ZVOL_ASYNC_SET_SNAPDEV:
+		zvol_set_snapdev_impl(task->name1, task->snapdev);
+		break;
+	default:
+		VERIFY(0);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	zvol_task_free(task);
+}
+
+typedef struct zvol_set_snapdev_arg {
+	const char *zsda_name;
+	uint64_t zsda_value;
+	zprop_source_t zsda_source;
+	dmu_tx_t *zsda_tx;
+} zvol_set_snapdev_arg_t;
+
+/*
+ * Sanity check the dataset for safe use by the sync task.  No additional
+ * conditions are imposed.
+ */
+static int
+zvol_set_snapdev_check(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
+{
+	zvol_set_snapdev_arg_t *zsda = arg;
+	dsl_pool_t *dp = dmu_tx_pool(tx);
+	dsl_dir_t *dd;
+	int error;
+
+	error = dsl_dir_hold(dp, zsda->zsda_name, FTAG, &dd, NULL);
+	if (error != 0)
+		return (error);
+
+	dsl_dir_rele(dd, FTAG);
+
+	return (error);
+}
+
+static int
+zvol_set_snapdev_sync_cb(dsl_pool_t *dp, dsl_dataset_t *ds, void *arg)
+{
+	zvol_set_snapdev_arg_t *zsda = arg;
+	char dsname[MAXNAMELEN];
+	zvol_task_t *task;
+
+	dsl_dataset_name(ds, dsname);
+	dsl_prop_set_sync_impl(ds, zfs_prop_to_name(ZFS_PROP_SNAPDEV),
+	    zsda->zsda_source, sizeof (zsda->zsda_value), 1,
+	    &zsda->zsda_value, zsda->zsda_tx);
+
+	task = zvol_task_alloc(ZVOL_ASYNC_SET_SNAPDEV, dsname,
+	    NULL, zsda->zsda_value);
+	if (task == NULL)
+		return (0);
+
+	(void) taskq_dispatch(dp->dp_spa->spa_zvol_taskq, zvol_task_cb,
+		task, TQ_SLEEP);
+	return (0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Traverse all child snapshot datasets and apply snapdev appropriately.
+ */
+static void
+zvol_set_snapdev_sync(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
+{
+	zvol_set_snapdev_arg_t *zsda = arg;
+	dsl_pool_t *dp = dmu_tx_pool(tx);
+	dsl_dir_t *dd;
+
+	VERIFY0(dsl_dir_hold(dp, zsda->zsda_name, FTAG, &dd, NULL));
+	zsda->zsda_tx = tx;
+
+	dmu_objset_find_dp(dp, dd->dd_object, zvol_set_snapdev_sync_cb,
+	    zsda, DS_FIND_CHILDREN);
+
+	dsl_dir_rele(dd, FTAG);
+}
+
 int
-zvol_set_snapdev(const char *dsname, uint64_t snapdev) {
-	fstrans_cookie_t cookie;
+zvol_set_snapdev(const char *ddname, zprop_source_t source, uint64_t snapdev)
+{
+	zvol_set_snapdev_arg_t zsda;
 
-	if (zvol_inhibit_dev)
-		/* caller should continue to modify snapdev property */
-		return (-1);
+	zsda.zsda_name = ddname;
+	zsda.zsda_source = source;
+	zsda.zsda_value = snapdev;
 
-	cookie = spl_fstrans_mark();
-	(void) dmu_objset_find((char *) dsname, snapdev_snapshot_changed_cb,
-		&snapdev, DS_FIND_SNAPSHOTS | DS_FIND_CHILDREN);
-	spl_fstrans_unmark(cookie);
+	return (dsl_sync_task(ddname, zvol_set_snapdev_check,
+	    zvol_set_snapdev_sync, &zsda, 0, ZFS_SPACE_CHECK_NONE));
+}
+
+void
+zvol_create_minors(spa_t *spa, const char *name, boolean_t async)
+{
+	zvol_task_t *task;
+	taskqid_t id;
+
+	task = zvol_task_alloc(ZVOL_ASYNC_CREATE_MINORS, name, NULL, ~0ULL);
+	if (task == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	id = taskq_dispatch(spa->spa_zvol_taskq, zvol_task_cb, task, TQ_SLEEP);
+	if ((async == B_FALSE) && (id != 0))
+		taskq_wait_id(spa->spa_zvol_taskq, id);
+}
+
+void
+zvol_remove_minors(spa_t *spa, const char *name, boolean_t async)
+{
+	zvol_task_t *task;
+	taskqid_t id;
+
+	task = zvol_task_alloc(ZVOL_ASYNC_REMOVE_MINORS, name, NULL, ~0ULL);
+	if (task == NULL)
+		return;
 
-	/* caller should continue to modify snapdev property */
-	return (-1);
+	id = taskq_dispatch(spa->spa_zvol_taskq, zvol_task_cb, task, TQ_SLEEP);
+	if ((async == B_FALSE) && (id != 0))
+		taskq_wait_id(spa->spa_zvol_taskq, id);
+}
+
+void
+zvol_rename_minors(spa_t *spa, const char *name1, const char *name2,
+    boolean_t async)
+{
+	zvol_task_t *task;
+	taskqid_t id;
+
+	task = zvol_task_alloc(ZVOL_ASYNC_RENAME_MINORS, name1, name2, ~0ULL);
+	if (task == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	id = taskq_dispatch(spa->spa_zvol_taskq, zvol_task_cb, task, TQ_SLEEP);
+	if ((async == B_FALSE) && (id != 0))
+		taskq_wait_id(spa->spa_zvol_taskq, id);
 }
 
 int
@@ -1721,7 +1972,6 @@ zvol_init(void)
 
 	list_create(&zvol_state_list, sizeof (zvol_state_t),
 	    offsetof(zvol_state_t, zv_next));
-
 	mutex_init(&zvol_state_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
 
 	error = register_blkdev(zvol_major, ZVOL_DRIVER);
@@ -1745,11 +1995,13 @@ out:
 void
 zvol_fini(void)
 {
-	zvol_remove_minors(NULL);
+	zvol_remove_minors_impl(NULL);
+
 	blk_unregister_region(MKDEV(zvol_major, 0), 1UL << MINORBITS);
 	unregister_blkdev(zvol_major, ZVOL_DRIVER);
-	mutex_destroy(&zvol_state_lock);
+
 	list_destroy(&zvol_state_list);
+	mutex_destroy(&zvol_state_lock);
 }
 
 module_param(zvol_inhibit_dev, uint, 0644);