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* nir: Add a bool to int32 lowering passJason Ekstrand2018-12-161-0/+1
| | | | | | | | We also enable it in all of the NIR drivers. Reviewed-by: Eric Anholt <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Bas Nieuwenhuizen <[email protected]> Tested-by: Bas Nieuwenhuizen <[email protected]>
* nir: Add a pass for lowering integer division by constantsJason Ekstrand2018-12-131-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | It's a reasonably well-known fact in the world of compilers that integer divisions by constants can be replaced by a multiply, an add, and some shifts. This commit adds such an optimization to NIR for easiest case of udiv. Other division operations will be added in following commits. In order to provide some additional driver control, the pass takes a minimum bit size to optimize. Reviewed-by: Ian Romanick [email protected]
* nir: Add a pass for gathering transform feedback infoJason Ekstrand2018-10-291-1/+3
| | | | | | | This is different from the GL_ARB_spirv pass because it generates a much simpler data structure that isn't tied to OpenGL and mtypes.h. Reviewed-by: Samuel Pitoiset <[email protected]>
* nir: Separate dead write removal into its own passCaio Marcelo de Oliveira Filho2018-10-151-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Instead of doing this as part of the existing copy_prop_vars pass. Separation makes easier to expand the scope of both passes to be more than per-block. For copy propagation, the information about valid copies comes from previous instructions; while the dead write removal depends on information from later instructions ("have any instruction used this deref before overwrite it?"). Also change the tests to use this pass (instead of copy prop vars). Note that the disabled tests continue to fail, since the standalone pass is still per-block. v2: Remove entries from dynarray instead of marking items as deleted. Use foreach_reverse. (Caio) (all from Jason) Do not cache nir_deref_path. Not worthy for this patch. Clear unused writes when hitting a call instruction. Clean up enumeration of modes for barriers. Move metadata calls to the inner function. v3: For copies, use the vector length to calculate the mask. (all from Jason) Use nir_component_mask_t when applicable. Rename functions for clarity. Consider local vars used by a call to be conservative (SPIR-V has such cases). Comment and assert the assumption that stores and copies are always to a deref that ends with a vector or scalar. Reviewed-by: Jason Ekstrand <[email protected]>
* nir: Add an array copy optimizationJason Ekstrand2018-08-231-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | This peephole optimization looks for a series of load/store_deref or copy_deref instructions that copy an array from one variable to another and turns it into a copy_deref that copies the entire array. The pattern it looks for is extremely specific but it's good enough to pick up on the input array copies in DXVK and should also be able to pick up the sequence generated by spirv_to_nir for a OpLoad of a large composite followed by OpStore. It can always be improved later if needed. Reviewed-by: Caio Marcelo de Oliveira Filho <[email protected]>
* nir: Add a structure splitting passJason Ekstrand2018-08-231-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | This pass doesn't really do much now because nir_lower_vars_to_ssa can already see through structures and considers them to be "split". This pass exists to help other passes more easily see through structure variables. If a back-end does implement arrays using scratch or indirects on registers, having more smaller arrays is likely to have better memory efficiency. Reviewed-by: Caio Marcelo de Oliveira Filho <[email protected]>
* nir/linker: Add the start of a pure-NIR linker for XFBNeil Roberts2018-07-311-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v2: ignore names on purpose, for consistency with other places where we are doing the same (Alejandro) v3: changes proposed by Timothy Arceri, implemented by Alejandro Piñeiro: * Remove redundant 'struct active_xfb_varying' * Update several comments, including spec quotes if needed * Rename struct 'active_xfb_varying_array' to 'active_xfb_varyings' * Rename variable 'array' to 'active_varyings' * Replace one if condition for an assert (<MAX_FEEDBACK_BUFFERS) * Remove BufferMode initialization (was already done) v4: simplify output pointer handling (Timothy) Signed-off-by: Neil Roberts <[email protected]> Signed-off-by: Alejandro Piñeiro <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]>
* glsl: use only copy_propagation_elementsCaio Marcelo de Oliveira Filho2018-07-271-1/+0
| | | | | | | | Now that the elements version handles both cases, remove the non-elements version. Reviewed-by: Eric Anholt <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Thomas Helland <[email protected]>
* nir: add builtin builderKarol Herbst2018-07-241-0/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | also move some of the GLSL builtins over we will need for implementing some OpenCL builtins v2: replace NIR_IMM_FP by nir_imm_floatN_t in ported code fix up changes caused by swizzle rework Reviewed-by: Jason Ekstrand <[email protected]> Signed-off-by: Karol Herbst <[email protected]>
* nir/linker: Add a pure NIR implementation of the atomic counter linkerNeil Roberts2018-07-031-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | This is mostly just a straight-forward conversion of link_assign_atomic_counter_resources to C directly using nir variables instead of GLSL IR variables. It is based on the version of link_assign_atomic_counter_resources in 6b8909f2d1906. I’m noting this here to make it easier to track changes and keep the NIR version up-to-date. Reviewed-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]>
* nir: Add a large constants optimization passJason Ekstrand2018-07-021-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This pass searches for reasonably large local variables which can be statically proven to be constant and moves them into shader constant data. This is especially useful when large tables are baked into the shader source code because they can be moved into a UBO by the driver to reduce register pressure and make indirect access cheaper. v2 (Jason Ekstrand): - Use a size/align function to ensure we get the right alignments - Use the newly added deref offset helpers Reviewed-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Iago Toral Quiroga <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Kenneth Graunke <[email protected]>
* nir: Delete lower_io_typesJason Ekstrand2018-06-221-1/+0
| | | | | | | | | | It's only used by the ir3 stand-alone compiler and Rob said we could delete it. Acked-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]> Acked-by: Bas Nieuwenhuizen <[email protected]> Acked-by: Dave Airlie <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Kenneth Graunke <[email protected]>
* nir/lower_samplers: remove legacy versionRob Clark2018-06-221-1/+0
| | | | | | | | Signed-off-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]> Acked-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]> Acked-by: Bas Nieuwenhuizen <[email protected]> Acked-by: Dave Airlie <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Kenneth Graunke <[email protected]>
* nir/lower_samplers: split out _legacy version for deref chainsRob Clark2018-06-221-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | To simplify the transition, and make things bisectable, split out a legacy copy or lower_samplers. This way the i965 and gallium drivers can independently switch over to deref instructions. Since the lower_samplers_as_deref pass is only used by gallium drivers, it can be converted in lock-step with moving the lower_deref_instrs pass, and so does not need a corresponding _legacy clone. This legacy pass will be removed in a future commit. Signed-off-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]> Acked-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]> Acked-by: Bas Nieuwenhuizen <[email protected]> Acked-by: Dave Airlie <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Kenneth Graunke <[email protected]>
* nir: Add a concept of per-member structs and a lowering passJason Ekstrand2018-06-221-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | This adds a concept of "members" to a variable with an interface type. It allows you to specify the full variable data for each member of the interface instead of once for the variable. We also add a lowering pass to lower those variables to a sequence of variables and rewrite all the derefs accordingly. Acked-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]> Acked-by: Bas Nieuwenhuizen <[email protected]> Acked-by: Dave Airlie <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Kenneth Graunke <[email protected]>
* nir: Add a deref path helper structJason Ekstrand2018-06-221-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This commit introduces a new nir_deref.h header for helpers that are less common and really only needed by a few heavy-duty passes. In this header is a new struct for representing a full deref path which can be walked in either direction. v2 (Jason Ekstrand): - Assert that deref != NULL (Caio) - Fill _short_path with 0xdeadbeef in debug builds when not used (Caio) - Make nir_deref_path a typedef (Rob) Reviewed-by: Caio Marcelo de Oliveira Filho <[email protected]> Acked-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]> Acked-by: Bas Nieuwenhuizen <[email protected]> Acked-by: Dave Airlie <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Kenneth Graunke <[email protected]>
* nir: Add helpers for working with deref instructionsJason Ekstrand2018-06-221-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | This commit adds a pass for lowering deref instructions to deref chains as well as some smaller helpers to ease the transition. Reviewed-by: Caio Marcelo de Oliveira Filho <[email protected]> Acked-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]> Acked-by: Bas Nieuwenhuizen <[email protected]> Acked-by: Dave Airlie <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Kenneth Graunke <[email protected]>
* nir/linker: Add nir_build_program_resource_list()Eduardo Lima Mitev2018-06-211-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This function is equivalent to the linker.cpp build_program_resource_list() but will extract the resources from NIR shaders instead. For now, only uniforms and program inputs are implemented. v2: move from compiler/nir to compiler/glsl (Timothy Arceri) v3: remove support for inputs, that is still WIP (spotted by Timothy Arceri) Signed-off-by: Eduardo Lima <[email protected]> Signed-off-by: Alejandro Piñeiro <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]>
* compiler/link: move add_program_resource to linker_utilAlejandro Piñeiro2018-06-211-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | So it could be used by the GLSL and NIR linker. v2: (Timothy Arceri) * Moved from compiler to compiler/glsl * Method renamed to link_util_add_program_resource Reviewed-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]>
* nir/linker: Set the uniform initial valuesNeil Roberts2018-06-211-0/+1
| | | | | | | | This is based on link_uniform_initializers.cpp. v2: move from compiler/nir to compiler/glsl (Timothy Arceri) Reviewed-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]>
* nir/linker: Add gl_nir_link_uniforms()Eduardo Lima Mitev2018-06-211-0/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This function will be the entry point for linking the uniforms from the nir_shader objects associated with the gl_linked_shaders of a program. This patch includes initial support for linking uniforms from NIR shaders. It is tailored for the ARB_gl_spirv needs, and it is far from complete, but it should handle most cases of uniforms, array uniforms, structs, samplers and images. There are some FIXMEs related to specific features that will be implemented in following patches, like atomic counters, UBOs and SSBOs. Also, note that ARB_gl_spirv makes mandatory explicit location for normal uniforms, so this code only handles uniforms with explicit location. But there are cases, like uniform atomic counters, that doesn't have a location from the OpenGL point of view (they have a binding), but that Mesa assign internally a location. That will be handled on following patches. A nir_linker.h file is also added. More NIR-linking related API will be added in subsequent patches and those will include stuff from Mesa, so reusing nir.h didn't seem a good idea. v2: move from compiler/nir to compiler/glsl (Timothy Arceri) v3: sets var->driver.location if the uniform was found from a previous stage (Neil Roberts). Signed-off-by: Eduardo Lima <[email protected]> Signed-off-by: Neil Roberts <[email protected] Signed-off-by: Alejandro Piñeiro <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]>
* compiler/link: add linker_util.h, move linker_error/warning to itAlejandro Piñeiro2018-06-211-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | Linker utilities common to the GLSL IR and NIR linker (the latter to be used for ARB_gl_spirv). We need to move it to a new header as the NIR linker doesn't need to know about ir_variable, and others, included at linker.h. v2: move from src/compiler to src/compiler/glsl (Timothy Arceri) Reviewed-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]>
* nir: add pass to move load_constRob Clark2018-06-191-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | Run this pass late (after opt loop) to move load_const instructions back into the basic blocks which use the result, in cases where a load_const is only consumed in a single block. This helps reduce register usage in cases where the backend driver cannot lower the load_const to a uniform. Signed-off-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Ian Romanick <[email protected]>
* nir: Add an ALU lowering pass for mul_high.Eric Anholt2018-06-061-0/+1
| | | | | | | | This is based on the glsl/lower_instructions.cpp implementation, but should be much more readable. Reviewed-by: Matt Turner <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Ian Romanick <[email protected]>
* nir: Add the start of a format conversion helper headerJason Ekstrand2018-05-091-0/+1
| | | | Reviewed-by: Topi Pohjolainen <[email protected]>
* compiler/lower_64bit_packing: rename the pass to be more genericIago Toral Quiroga2018-05-031-1/+1
| | | | | | It can do 32-bit packing too now. Reviewed-by: Jason Ekstrand <[email protected]>
* compiler/nir: add a lowering pass to convert the bit size of ALU operationsIago Toral Quiroga2018-05-031-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Not all bit-sizes may be supported natively in hardware for all operations. This pass allows drivers to lower such operations to a bit-size that is actually supported and then converts the result back to the original bit-size. Compiler backends control which operations and wich bit-sizes require the lowering through a callback function. v2: generalize this pass and make it available in NIR core (Rob, Jason) v3: remove some temporaries and reduce nesting in instruction loop using a continue statement (Jason) Reviewed-by: Jason Ekstrand <[email protected]>
* nir: move GL specific passes to src/compiler/glslTimothy Arceri2018-05-011-3/+4
| | | | | | | With this we should have no passes in src/compiler/nir with any dependencies on headers from core GL Mesa. Reviewed-by: Alejandro Piñeiro <[email protected]>
* nir/spirv: add gl_spirv_validation methodAlejandro Piñeiro2018-03-301-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ARB_gl_spirv adds the ability to use SPIR-V binaries, and a new method, glSpecializeShader. Here we add a new function to do the validation for this function: From OpenGL 4.6 spec, section 7.2.1" "Shader Specialization", error table: INVALID_VALUE is generated if <pEntryPoint> does not name a valid entry point for <shader>. INVALID_VALUE is generated if any element of <pConstantIndex> refers to a specialization constant that does not exist in the shader module contained in <shader>."" v2: rebase update (spirv_to_nir options added, changes on the warning logging, and others) v3: include passing options on common initialization, doesn't call setjmp on common_initialization v4: (after Jason comments): * Rename common_initialization to vtn_builder_create * Move validation method and their helpers to own source file. * Create own handle_constant_decoration_cb instead of reuse existing one v5: put vtn_build_create refactoring to their own patch (Jason) v6: update after vtn_builder_create method renamed, add explanatory comment, tweak existing comment and commit message (Timothy)
* nir: mako all the intrinsicsRob Clark2018-03-271-2/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | I threatened to do this a long time ago.. I probably *should* have done it a long time ago when there where many fewer intrinsics. But the system of macro/#include magic for dealing with intrinsics is a bit annoying, and python has the nice property of optional fxn params, making it possible to define new intrinsics while ignoring parameters that are not applicable (and naming optional params). And not having to specify various array lengths explicitly is nice too. I think the end result makes it easier to add new intrinsics. v2: couple small fixes found with a test program to compare the old and new tables v3: misc comments, don't rely on capture=true for meson.build, get rid of system_values table to avoid return value of intrinsic() and *mostly* remove side-effects, add autotools build support v4: scons build Signed-off-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]> Acked-by: Dylan Baker <[email protected]> Acked-by: Jason Ekstrand <[email protected]>
* nir: autotools, meson: add GLSL.ext.AMD.h in the files listJuan A. Suarez Romero2018-03-221-0/+1
| | | | Reviewed-by: Emil Velikov <[email protected]>
* st/nir/radeonsi: move nir_lower_uniforms_to_ubo() to the state trackerTimothy Arceri2018-03-201-1/+0
| | | | | | | | | | | | | This will only ever be used by gallium drivers so it probably doesn't belong in the nir toolkit. Also we want to pass it some non NIR things in the following patch. To avoid regressions we wrap the lowering calls that have been moved to st_glsl_to_nir with a quick hack so that they are only called for radeonsi, we will replace the hack with a check for uniform packing in a following patch. Reviewed-by: Marek Olšák <[email protected]>
* nir: add nir_opt_move_load_ubo() optimization passSamuel Pitoiset2018-03-161-0/+1
| | | | | | | | This pass moves load UBO operations just before their first use, loosely based on nir_opt_move_comparisons. Signed-off-by: Samuel Pitoiset <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]>
* spirv: fix autotools buildsTimothy Arceri2018-03-081-0/+1
| | | | | | Fixes: 68a6a3b51acc "spirv: handle AMD_gcn_shader extended instructions" Reviewed-by: Bas Nieuwenhuizen <[email protected]>
* spirv: Add initial subgroup supportJason Ekstrand2018-03-071-0/+1
| | | | | Reviewed-by: Samuel Iglesias Gonsálvez <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Iago Toral Quiroga <[email protected]>
* nir: add nir_opt_shrink_load passSamuel Pitoiset2018-02-061-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | This is a very simple pass that just shrinks load_push_constant intrinsics when some components are unused. For now, it can just shrink vec4 to vec3, vec3 to vec2 and so on. Signed-off-by: Samuel Pitoiset <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Bas Nieuwenhuizen <[email protected]>
* spirv: Add a prepass to set types on vtn_valuesJason Ekstrand2017-12-111-1/+2
| | | | | | | | This autogenerated pass will automatically find and set the type field on all vtn_values. This way we always have the type and can use it for validation and other checks. Reviewed-by: Ian Romanick <[email protected]>
* glsl: Split out shader program serializationJordan Justen2017-12-081-0/+2
| | | | | | | | This will allow us to use the program serialization to implement ARB_get_program_binary. Signed-off-by: Jordan Justen <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]>
* nir: add varying array splitting passTimothy Arceri2017-12-041-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | V2: - fix matrix support, non-array matrices were being skipped in v1 v3: - handle lowering of tcs output loads correctly - correctly mark indirect locations for either in or out not both when processing a stage. - use nir_src_copy() when lowering stores. Reviewed-by: Nicolai Hähnle <[email protected]>
* glsl: Combine nop-swizzle optimization with swizzle-swizzle optimizationIan Romanick2017-11-081-2/+1
| | | | | Signed-off-by: Ian Romanick <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: <[email protected]>
* nir: Add a new subgroups lowering passJason Ekstrand2017-11-071-1/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | This commit pulls nir_lower_read_invocations_to_scalar along with most of the guts of nir_opt_intrinsics (which mostly does subgroup lowering) into a new nir_lower_subgroups pass. There are various other bits of subgroup lowering that we're going to want to do so it makes a bit more sense to keep it all together in one pass. We also move it in i965 to happen after nir_lower_system_values to ensure that because we want to handle the subgroup mask system value intrinsics here. Reviewed-by: Iago Toral Quiroga <[email protected]>
* nir: add serialization and deserializationConnor Abbott2017-10-311-0/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v2 (Jason Ekstrand): - Various whitespace cleanups - Add helpers for reading/writing objects - Rework derefs - [de]serialize nir_shader::num_* - Fix uses of blob_reserve_bytes - Use a bitfield struct for packing tex_instr data v3: - Zero nir_variable struct on deserialization. (Jordan) - Allow nir_serialize.h to be included in C++. (Jordan) - Handle NULL info.name. (Jason) - Set info.name to NULL when name is NULL. (Jordan) Acked-by: Timothy Arceri <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Jordan Justen <[email protected]> Acked-by: Jason Ekstrand <[email protected]>
* glsl: fix derived cs variablesIlia Mirkin2017-10-231-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | There are two issues with the current implementation. First, it relies on the layout(local_size_*) happening in the same shader as the main function, and secondly it doesn't work for variable group sizes. In both cases, the simplest fix is to move the setup of these derived values to a later time, similar to how the gl_VertexID workarounds are done. There already exist system values defined for both of the derived values, so we use them unconditionally, and lower them after linking is performed. While we're at it, we move to using gl_LocalGroupSizeARB instead of gl_WorkGroupSize for variable group sizes. Also the dead code elimination avoidance can be removed, since there can be situations where gl_LocalGroupSizeARB is needed but has not been inserted for the shader with main function. As a result, the lowering code has to insert its own copies of the system values if needed. Reported-by: Stephane Chevigny <[email protected]> Bugzilla: https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=103393 Cc: [email protected] Signed-off-by: Ilia Mirkin <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Jordan Justen <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Samuel Pitoiset <[email protected]>
* compiler: Move blob up a levelJason Ekstrand2017-10-121-2/+2
| | | | | | | | We're going to want to use the blob for Vulkan pipeline caching so it makes sense to have it in libcompiler not libglsl. Reviewed-by: Nicolai Hähnle <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Jordan Justen <[email protected]>
* nir: Move vc4's alpha test lowering to core NIR.Eric Anholt2017-10-101-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | I've been doing this inside of vc4, but vc5 wants it as well and it may be useful for other drivers (Intel has a related path for pre-gen6 with MRT, and freedreno had a TGSI path for it at one point). This required defining a common enum for the standard comparison functions, but other lowering passes are likely to also want that enum. v2: Add to meson.build as well. Acked-by: Rob Clark <[email protected]>
* nir: add some helpers for doing linkingTimothy Arceri2017-09-261-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | The initial helpers add support for removing unused varyings between stages. V2: - Moved the io mask helper function into this file rather than nir.h so it's not used elsewhere considering it doesn't handle all corner cases. - Use bitmask rather than hash table to handle tcs outputs (Ken) Reviewed-by: Kenneth Graunke <[email protected]>
* glsl: merge loop_controls.cpp with loop_unroll.cppTimothy Arceri2017-09-211-1/+0
| | | | | | | Having this separate just makes the code harder to follow, and requires an extra walk of the IR. Reviewed-by: Thomas Helland <[email protected]>
* util: move string_to_uint_map to glslEmil Velikov2017-08-291-1/+3
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The functionality is used by glsl and mesa. With the latter already depending on the former. With this in place the src/util/ static library libmesautil.la no longer has a C++ dependency. Thus objects which use it (like libEGL) don't need the C++ link. Cc: "17.2" <[email protected]> Fixes: 02cc35937277 ("egl/wayland: Use linux-dmabuf interface for buffers") Bugzilla: https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=101851 Signed-off-by: Emil Velikov <[email protected]> Suggested-by: Jason Ekstrand <[email protected]> Reviewed-by: Jason Ekstrand <[email protected]> Tested-by: Mike Lothian <[email protected]> Tested-by: James Harvey <[email protected]>
* nir: add nir_lower_uniforms_to_ubo passNicolai Hähnle2017-07-311-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | This is a further lowering of default-block uniform loads that transforms load_uniform intrinsics into load_ubo intrinsics. This simplifies the rest of the backend. v2: transform from load_uniform instead of straight from variables Reviewed-by: Eric Anholt <[email protected]>
* nir: add nir_lower_samplers_as_deref passNicolai Hähnle2017-07-311-0/+1
| | | | | | This pass is a replacement for the nir_lower_samplers pass, which has the advantage of keeping sampler references as derefs. This allows a unified treatment of texture instructions and image intrinsics in the backend.