configure.ac: add --enable-sanitize option

Enable code sanitizers by adding -fsanitize=$foo flags for the compiler
and linker.

In addition, this also disables checking for undefined symbols: running
the address sanitizer requires additional symbols which should be provided
by a preloaded libasan.so (preloaded for hooking into malloc & friends
globally), and the undefined symbols check gets tripped up by that.

Running the tests works normally via `make check`, but shows additional
failures with the address sanitizer due to memory leaks that seem to be
mostly leaks in the tests themselves. I believe those failures should
really be fixed. In the mean-time, you can set

export ASAN_OPTIONS=detect_leaks=0

to only check for more serious error types.

v2:
- fail reasonably when an unsupported sanitize flag is given (Eric Engestrom)

Reviewed-by: Bartosz Tomczyk <[email protected]> (v1)
Reviewed-by: Eric Engestrom <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Emil Velikov <[email protected]>

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