path: root/doc/tls.rst

Transport Layer Security (TLS)
========================================

.. versionadded:: 1.11.0

Botan supports both client and server implementations of the SSL/TLS
protocols, including SSL v3, TLS v1.0, TLS v1.1, and TLS v1.2 (the
insecure and obsolete SSL v2 protocol is not supported, beyond
processing SSL v2 client hellos which some clients still send for
backwards compatability with ancient servers). There is also some
initial support for DTLS (v1.0 and v1.2), a variant of TLS adapted for
operation on datagram sockets such as UDP. However currently many
important DTLS features (including timeouts and retransmission during
handshaking) are not yet implemented.

The TLS implementation does not know anything about sockets or the
network layer.. Instead, it calls a user provided callback (hereafter
``output_fn``) whenever it has data that it would want to send to the
other party, and whenever the application receives some data from the
counterparty it passes that information to TLS using
:cpp:func:`TLS::Channel::received_data`. If the data passed in results
in a handshake completing, then the user provided
``handshake_complete`` is called, and if some application data being
received, or a TLS :ref:`alert <tls_alerts>` is received, the another
user provided callback, hereafter ``proc_fn``, is called. (If the
reader is familiar with OpenSSL's BIO layer, it might be analagous to
saying the only way of interacting with the SSL protocol stack is via
a `BIO_mem` I/O abstraction.)

The callbacks that TLS calls have the signatures

 .. cpp:function:: void output_fn(const byte data[], size_t data_len)

    TLS requests that all bytes of *data* be queued up to send.  After
    this function returns, *data* will be overwritten, so a copy
    should be made if the callback cannot send the data immediately.

 .. cpp:function:: void proc_fn(const byte data[], size_t data_len, \
                                const TLS::Alert& alert)

     Called whenever application data or an alert is received from the
     other side of the connection, in which case *data* and *data_len*
     specify the data received. This array will be overwritten
     sometime after the callback returns, so again a copy should be
     made if need be.

     If :cpp:func:`TLS::Alert::is_valid` is true then *alert*
     specifies a valid alert that was received. Note that if received
     before the handshake has completed, an attacker can easily insert
     false alert values.

     .. note::

       Currently, if an alert was passed in then no other data was
       provided.  This allows an appliction to easily distinguish
       between data sent before and after the alert was received.

 .. cpp:function:: bool handshake_complete(const TLS::Session& session)

     Called whenever a negotiation completes. This can happen more
     than once on any connection. The *session* parameter provides
     information about the session which was established.

     If this function returns false, the session will not be cached
     for later resumption.

     If this function wishes to cancel the handshake, it can throw an
     exception which will send a close message to the counterparty and
     reset the connection state.

You can of course use tools like ``std::bind`` to bind additional
parameters to your callback functions.


TLS Channels
----------------------------------------

TLS servers and clients share an interface called `TLS::Channel`. A
TLS channel (either client or server object) has these methods
available:

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Channel

   .. cpp:function:: size_t received_data(const byte buf[], size_t buf_size)

     This function is used to provide data sent by the counterparty
     (eg data that you read off the socket layer). Depending on the
     current protocol state and the amount of data provided this may
     result in one or more callback functions that were provided to
     the constructor being called.

     The return value of ``received_data`` specifies how many more
     bytes of input are needed to make any progress, unless the end of
     the data fell exactly on a message boundary, in which case it
     will return 0 instead.

   .. cpp:function:: void send(const byte buf[], size_t buf_size)

     If the connection has completed the initial handshake process,
     the data provided is sent to the counterparty as TLS
     traffic. Otherwise, an exception is thrown.

   .. cpp:function:: void close()

     A close notification is sent to the counterparty, and the
     internal state is cleared.

   .. cpp:function:: bool is_active()

     Returns true if and only if a handshake has been completed on
     this connection and the connection has not been subsequently
     closed.

   .. cpp:function:: bool is_closed()

      Returns true if and only if either a close notification or a
      fatal alert message have been either sent or received.

   .. cpp:function:: void renegotiate(bool force_full_renegotiation = false)

      Initiates a renegotiation. The counterparty is allowed by the
      protocol to ignore this request. If a successful renegotiation
      occurs, the *handshake_complete* callback will be called again.

      If *force_full_renegotiation* is false, then the client will
      attempt to simply renew the current session - this will refresh
      the symmetric keys but will not change the session master
      secret. Otherwise it will initiate a completely new session.

      For a server, if *force_full_renegotiation* is false, then a
      session resumption will be allowed if the client attempts
      it. Otherwise the server will prevent resumption and force the
      creation of a new session.

   .. cpp:function:: std::vector<X509_Certificate> peer_cert_chain()

      Returns the certificate chain of the counterparty. When acting
      as a client, this value will be non-empty unless the client's
      policy allowed anonymous connections and the server then chose
      an anonymous ciphersuite. Acting as a server, this value will
      ordinarily be empty, unless the server requested a certificate
      and the client responded with one.

   .. cpp:function:: SymmetricKey key_material_export( \
          const std::string& label, \
          const std::string& context, \
          size_t length)

      Returns an exported key of *length* bytes derived from *label*,
      *context*, and the session's master secret and client and server
      random values. This key will be unique to this connection, and
      as long as the session master secret remains secure an attacker
      should not be able to guess the key.

      Per :rfc:`5057`, *label* should begin with "EXPERIMENTAL" unless
      the label has been standardized in an RFC.


.. _tls_client:

TLS Clients
----------------------------------------

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Client

   .. cpp:function:: TLS::Client( \
         std::function<void, const byte*, size_t> output_fn, \
         std::function<void, const byte*, size_t, TLS::Alert> proc_fn, \
         std::function<bool, const TLS::Session&> handshake_complete, \
         TLS::Session_Manager& session_manager, \
         Credentials_Manager& credendials_manager, \
         const TLS::Policy& policy, \
         RandomNumberGenerator& rng, \
         const Server_Information& server_info, \
         const Protocol_Version offer_version, \
         std::function<std::string, std::vector<std::string> > next_protocol)

   Initialize a new TLS client. The constructor will immediately
   initiate a new session.

   The *output_fn* callback will be called with output that
   should be sent to the counterparty. For instance this will be
   called immediately from the constructor after the client hello
   message is constructed. An implementation of *output_fn* is
   allowed to defer the write (for instance if writing when the
   callback occurs would block), but should eventually write the data
   to the counterparty *in order*.

   The *proc_fn* will be called with data sent by the counterparty
   after it has been processed. The byte array and size_t represent
   the plaintext; the :cpp:class:`TLS::Alert` value provides
   notification if the counterparty sent an alert via the TLS alert
   system. Possible values of alert data are included in the
   Alert_Type enum. Particularly relevant is the CLOSE_NOTIFY value.

   The *handshake_complete* function is called when a handshake
   (either initial or renegotiation) is completed. The return value of
   the callback specifies if the session should be cached for later
   resumption. If the function for some reason desires to prevent the
   connection from completing, it should throw an exception
   (preferably a TLS::Exception, which can provide more specific alert
   information to the counterparty). The :cpp:class:`TLS::Session`
   provides information about the session that was just established.

   The *session_manager* is an interface for storing TLS sessions,
   which allows for session resumption upon reconnecting to a server.
   In the absence of a need for persistent sessions, use
   :cpp:class:`TLS::Session_Manager_In_Memory` which caches
   connections for the lifetime of a single process. See
   :ref:`tls_session_managers` for more about session managers.

   The *credentials_manager* is an interface that will be called to
   retrieve any certificates, secret keys, pre-shared keys, or SRP
   intformation; see :doc:`credentials_manager` for more information.

   Use *server_info* to specify the DNS name of the server you are
   attempting to connect to, if you know it. This helps the server
   select what certificate to use and helps the client validate the
   connection.

   Use *offer_version* to control the version of TLS you wish the
   client to offer. Normally, you'll want to offer the most recent
   version of TLS that is available, however some broken servers are
   intolerant of certain versions being offered, and for classes of
   applications that have to deal with such servers (typically web
   browsers) it may be necessary to implement a version backdown
   strategy if the initial attempt fails.

   Setting *offer_version* is also used to offer DTLS instead of TLS;
   use :cpp:func:`TLS::Protocol_Version::latest_dtls_version`.

   .. warning::

     Implementing such a backdown strategy allows an attacker to
     downgrade your connection to the weakest protocol that both you
     and the server support.

   The optional *next_protocol* callback is called if the server
   indicates it supports the next protocol notification extension.
   The callback wlil be called with a list of protocol names that the
   server advertises, and the client can select from them or return an
   unadvertised protocol.

A simple TLS client example:

.. literalinclude:: examples/tls_client.cpp

TLS Servers
----------------------------------------

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Server

   .. cpp:function:: TLS::Server( \
          std::function<void, const byte*, size_t> output_fn, \
          std::function<void, const byte*, size_t, TLS::Alert> proc_fn, \
          std::function<bool, const TLS::Session&> handshake_complete, \
          TLS::Session_Manager& session_manager, \
          Credentials_Manager& creds, \
          const TLS::Policy& policy, \
          RandomNumberGenerator& rng, \
          const std::vector<std::string>& protocols)

The first 7 arguments are treated similiarly to the :ref:`client
<tls_client>`.  The final (optional) argument, protocols, specifies
the protocols the server is willing to advertise it supports.

.. cpp:function:: std::string TLS::Server::next_protocol() const

   If a handshake has completed, and if the client indicated a next
   protocol (ie, the protocol that it intends to run over this TLS
   session) this return value will specify it. The next protocol
   extension is somewhat unusual in that it applies to the connection
   rather than the session. The next protocol can not change during a
   renegotiation, but might change across different connections using
   that session.

A TLS server that can handle concurrent connections using asio:

.. literalinclude:: examples/asio_tls_server.cpp

.. _tls_sessions:

TLS Sessions
----------------------------------------

TLS allows clients and servers to support *session resumption*, where
the end point retains some information about an established session
and then reuse that information to bootstrap a new session in way that
is much cheaper computationally than a full handshake.

Every time your handshake callback is called, a new session has been
established, and a ``TLS::Session`` is included that provides
information about that session:

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Session

   .. cpp:function:: Protocol_Version version() const

       Returns the :cpp:class:`protocol version <TLS::Protocol_Version>`
       that was negotiated

   .. cpp:function:: Ciphersuite ciphersite() const

       Returns the :cpp:class:`ciphersuite <TLS::Ciphersuite>` that
       was negotiated.

   .. cpp:function:: Server_Information server_info() const

       Returns information that identifies the server side of the
       connection.  This is useful for the client in that it
       identifies what was originally passed to the constructor. For
       the server, it includes the name the client specified in the
       server name indicator extension.

   .. cpp:function:: std::vector<X509_Certificate> peer_certs() const

       Returns the certificate chain of the peer

   .. cpp:function:: std::string srp_identifier() const

       If an SRP ciphersuite was used, then this is the identifier
       that was used for authentication.

   .. cpp:function:: bool secure_renegotiation() const

      Returns ``true`` if the connection was negotiated with the
      correct extensions to prevent the renegotiation attack.

There are also functions for serialization and deserializing sessions:

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Session

   .. cpp:function:: std::vector<byte> encrypt(const SymmetricKey& key, \
                                               RandomNumberGenerator& rng)

      Encrypts a session using a symmetric key *key* and returns a raw
      binary value that can later be passed to ``decrypt``. The key
      may be of any length.

      Currently the implementation uses AES-256 in CBC mode with a
      SHA-256 HMAC. The keys for these are derived from *key* using
      KDF2(SHA-256).

   .. cpp:function:: static Session decrypt(const byte ciphertext[], \
                                            size_t length, \
                                            const SymmetricKey& key)

      Decrypts a session that was encrypted previously with
      ``encrypt`` and *key*, or throws an exception if decryption
      fails.

   .. cpp:function:: secure_vector<byte> DER_encode() const

       Returns a serialized version of the session.

       .. warning:: The return value contains the master secret for
                    the session, and an attacker who recovers it could
                    recover plaintext of previous sessions or
                    impersonate one side to the other.

.. _tls_session_managers:

TLS Session Managers
----------------------------------------

You may want sessions stored in a specific format or storage type. To
do so, implement the ``TLS::Session_Manager`` interface and pass your
implementation to the ``TLS::Client`` or ``TLS::Server`` constructor.

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Session_Mananger

 .. cpp:function:: void save(const Session& session)

     Save a new *session*. It is possible that this sessions session
     ID will replicate a session ID already stored, in which case the
     new session information should overwrite the previous information.

 .. cpp:function:: void remove_entry(const std::vector<byte>& session_id)

      Remove the session identified by *session_id*. Future attempts
      at resumption should fail for this session.

 .. cpp:function:: bool load_from_session_id(const std::vector<byte>& session_id, \
                                             Session& session)

      Attempt to resume a session identified by *session_id*. If
      located, *session* is set to the session data previously passed
      to *save*, and ``true`` is returned. Otherwise *session* is not
      modified and ``false`` is returned.

 .. cpp:function:: bool load_from_server_info(const Server_Information& server, \
                                              Session& session)

      Attempt to resume a session with a known server.

 .. cpp:function:: std::chrono::seconds session_lifetime() const

      Returns the expected maximum lifetime of a session when using
      this session manager. Will return 0 if the lifetime is unknown
      or has no explicit expiration policy.

.. _tls_session_manager_inmem:

In Memory Session Manager
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The ``TLS::Session_Manager_In_Memory`` implementation saves sessions
in memory, with an upper bound on the maximum number of sessions and
the lifetime of a session.

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Session_Manager_In_Memory

 .. cpp:function:: Session_Manager_In_Memory(size_t max_sessions = 1000, \
                                             std::chrono::seconds session_lifetime = 7200)

    Limits the maximum number of saved sessions to *max_sessions*, and
    expires all sessions older than *session_lifetime*.

Noop Session Mananger
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The ``TLS::Session_Manager_Noop`` implementation does not save
sessions at all, and thus session resumption always fails. Its
constructor has no arguments.

SQLite3 Session Manager
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This session manager is only available if support for SQLite3 was
enabled at build time. If the macro
``BOTAN_HAS_TLS_SQLITE3_SESSION_MANAGER`` is defined, then
``botan/tls_session_manager_sqlite.h`` contains
``TLS::Session_Manager_SQLite`` which stores sessions persistently to
a sqlite3 database. The session data is encrypted using a passphrase,
and stored in two tables, named ``tls_sessions`` (which holds the
actual session information) and ``tls_sessions_metadata`` (which holds
the PBKDF information).

.. warning:: The hostnames associated with the saved sessions are
             stored in the database in plaintext. This may be a
             serious privacy risk in some applications.

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Session_Manager_SQLite

 .. cpp:function:: Session_Manager_SQLite( \
       const std::string& passphrase, \
       RandomNumberGenerator& rng, \
       const std::string& db_filename, \
       size_t max_sessions = 1000, \
       std::chrono::seconds session_lifetime = 7200)

   Uses the sqlite3 database named by *db_filename*.

TLS Policies
----------------------------------------

``TLS::Policy`` is how an application can control details of what will
be negotiated during a handshake.

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Policy

 .. cpp:function:: bool acceptable_protocol_version(Protocol_Version version)

     Return true if this version of the protocol is one that we are
     willing to negotiate.

     Default: True for all known protocol versions

 .. cpp:function:: std::vector<std::string> allowed_ciphers() const

     Returns the list of ciphers we are willing to negotiate, in order
     of preference.

     Default: "AES-256", "AES-128", "ARC4", "3DES"

     Also allowed: "Camellia-256", "Camellia-128", "SEED"

     .. note::

        ARC4 will never be negotiated in DTLS due to protocol limitations

 .. cpp:function:: std::vector<std::string> allowed_macs() const

     Returns the list of algorithms we are willing to use for
     message authentication, in order of preference.

     Default: "SHA-384", "SHA-256", "SHA-1"

     Also allowed: "MD5"

 .. cpp:function:: std::vector<std::string> allowed_key_exchange_methods() const

     Returns the list of key exchange methods we are willing to use,
     in order of preference.

     Default: "ECDH", "DH", "RSA"

     Also allowed: "SRP_SHA", "ECDHE_PSK", "DHE_PSK", "PSK"

 .. cpp:function:: std::vector<std::string> allowed_signature_hashes() const

     Returns the list of algorithms we are willing to use for
     public key signatures, in order of preference.

     Default: "SHA-512", "SHA-384", "SHA-256", "SHA-224", "SHA-1"

     Also allowed (although **not recommended**): "MD5"

     .. note::

        This is only used with TLS v1.2. In earlier versions of the
        protocol, signatures are fixed to using only SHA-1 (for
        DSA/ECDSA) or a MD5/SHA-1 pair (for RSA).

 .. cpp:function:: std::vector<std::string> allowed_signature_methods() const

     Default: "ECDSA", "RSA", "DSA"

     Also allowed: "" (meaning anonymous)

 .. cpp:function:: std::vector<std::string> allowed_ecc_curves() const

     Return a list of ECC curves we are willing to use, in order of preference.

     Default: "secp521r1", "secp384r1", "secp256r1",
     "secp256k1", "secp224r1", "secp224k1"

     Also allowed: "secp192r1", "secp192k1", "secp160r2", "secp160r1", "secp160k1"

 .. cpp:function:: std::vector<byte> compression() const

     Return the list of compression methods we are willing to use, in order of
     preference.

     .. note::

        TLS compression is not currently supported.

 .. cpp:function:: bool negotiate_heartbeat_support() const

     If this function returns true, clients will offer the heartbeat
     support extension, and servers will respond to clients offering
     the extension. Otherwise, clients will not offer heartbeat
     support and servers will ignore clients offering heartbeat
     support.

 .. cpp:function:: bool allow_server_initiated_renegotiation() const

     If this function returns true, a client will accept a
     server-initiated renegotiation attempt. Otherwise it will send
     the server a non-fatal ``no_renegotiation`` alert.

     Default: true

 .. cpp:function:: bool allow_insecure_renegotiation() const

     If this function returns true, we will allow renegotiation attempts
     even if the counterparty does not support the RFC 5746 extensions.

     .. warning:: Returning true here could expose you to attacks

     Default: false

 .. cpp:function:: DL_Group dh_group() const

     For ephemeral Diffie-Hellman key exchange, the server sends a
     group parameter. Return the group parameter a server should
     use.

     Default: 2048 bit IETF IPsec group ("modp/ietf/2048")

 .. cpp:function:: size_t minimum_dh_group_size() const

     Return the minimum size in bits for a Diffie-Hellman group that a
     client will accept. Due to the design of the protocol the client
     has only two options - accept the group, or reject it with a
     fatal alert then attempt to reconnect after disabling ephemeral
     Diffie-Hellman.

     Default: 1024 bits

 .. cpp:function:: bool hide_unknown_users() const

     The SRP and PSK suites work using an identifier along with a
     shared secret. If this function returns true, when an identifier
     that the server does not recognize is provided by a client, a
     random shared secret will be generated in such a way that a
     client should not be able to tell the difference between the
     identifier not being known and the secret being wrong.  This can
     help protect against some username probing attacks.  If it
     returns false, the server will instead send an
     ``unknown_psk_identity`` alert when an unknown identifier is
     used.

     Default: false

 .. cpp:function:: u32bit session_ticket_lifetime() const

     Return the lifetime of session tickets. Each session includes the
     start time. Sessions resumptions using tickets older than
     ``session_ticket_lifetime`` seconds will fail, forcing a full
     renegotiation.

     Default: 86400 seconds (1 day)

TLS Ciphersuites
----------------------------------------

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Ciphersuite

 .. cpp:function:: u16bit ciphersuite_code() const

     Return the numerical code for this ciphersuite

 .. cpp:function:: std::string to_string() const

     Return name of ciphersuite

 .. cpp:function:: std::string kex_algo() const

     Return the key exchange algorithm of this ciphersuite

 .. cpp:function:: std::string sig_algo() const

     Return the signature algorithm of this ciphersuite

 .. cpp:function:: std::string cipher_algo() const

     Return the cipher algorithm of this ciphersuite

 .. cpp:function:: std::string mac_algo() const

     Return the authentication algorithm of this ciphersuite

.. _tls_alerts:

TLS Alerts
----------------------------------------

A ``TLS::Alert`` is passed to every invocation of a channel's
*proc_fn*. Most of the time, no alert was sent and so the alert will
be of type ``NULL_ALERT``.

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Alert

  .. cpp:function:: is_valid() const

       Return true if this alert is not a null alert

  .. cpp:function:: is_fatal() const

       Return true if this alert is fatal. A fatal alert causes the
       connection to be immediately disconnected. Otherwise, the alert
       is a warning and the connection remains valid.

  .. cpp:function:: Type type() const

       Returns the type of the alert as an enum

  .. cpp:function:: std::string type_string()

       Returns the type of the alert as a string

TLS Protocol Version
----------------------------------------

TLS has several different versions with slightly different behaviors.
The ``TLS::Protocol_Version`` class represents a specific version:

.. cpp:class:: TLS::Protocol_Version

 .. cpp:type:: enum Version_Code

     ``SSL_V3``, ``TLS_V10``, ``TLS_V11``, ``TLS_V12``, ``DTLS_V10``,
     ``DTLS_V12``

 .. cpp:function:: static Protocol_Version latest_tls_version()

      Returns the latest version of TLS supported by this implementation
      (currently TLS v1.2)

 .. cpp:function:: static Protocol_Version latest_dtls_version()

      Returns the latest version of DTLS supported by this implementation
      (currently DTLS v1.2)

 .. cpp:function:: Protocol_Version(Version_Code named_version)

      Create a specific version

 .. cpp:function:: byte major_version() const

      Returns major number of the protocol version

 .. cpp:function:: byte minor_version() const

      Returns minor number of the protocol version

 .. cpp:function:: std::string to_string() const

      Returns string description of the version, for instance "SSL v3",
      "TLS v1.1", or "DTLS v1.0".

 .. cpp:function:: static Protocol_Version latest_tls_version()

      Returns the latest version of the TLS protocol known the the library
      (currently TLS v1.2)

 .. cpp:function:: static Protocol_Version latest_dtls_version()

      Returns the latest version of the DTLS protocol known the the
      library (currently DTLS v1.2)