/* * (C) Copyright Projet SECRET, INRIA, Rocquencourt * (C) Bhaskar Biswas and Nicolas Sendrier * * (C) 2014 cryptosource GmbH * (C) 2014 Falko Strenzke fstrenzke@cryptosource.de * (C) 2015 Jack Lloyd * * Botan is released under the Simplified BSD License (see license.txt) * */ #include #include #include #include #include #include namespace Botan { namespace { gf2m generate_gf2m_mask(gf2m a) { gf2m result = (a != 0); return ~(result - 1); } /** * number of leading zeros */ unsigned nlz_16bit(uint16_t x) { unsigned n; if(x == 0) return 16; n = 0; if(x <= 0x00FF) {n = n + 8; x = x << 8;} if(x <= 0x0FFF) {n = n + 4; x = x << 4;} if(x <= 0x3FFF) {n = n + 2; x = x << 2;} if(x <= 0x7FFF) {n = n + 1;} return n; } } int polyn_gf2m::calc_degree_secure() const { int i = this->coeff.size() - 1; int result = 0; uint32_t found_mask = 0; uint32_t tracker_mask = 0xffff; for( ; i >= 0; i--) { found_mask = expand_mask_16bit(this->coeff[i]); result |= i & found_mask & tracker_mask; // tracker mask shall become zero once found mask is set // it shall remain zero from then on tracker_mask = tracker_mask & ~found_mask; } const_cast(this)->m_deg = result; return result; } gf2m random_gf2m(RandomNumberGenerator& rng) { uint8_t b[2]; rng.randomize(b, sizeof(b)); return make_uint16(b[1], b[0]); } gf2m random_code_element(unsigned code_length, RandomNumberGenerator& rng) { if(code_length == 0) { throw Invalid_Argument("random_code_element() was supplied a code length of zero"); } const unsigned nlz = nlz_16bit(code_length-1); const gf2m mask = (1 << (16-nlz)) -1; gf2m result; do { result = random_gf2m(rng); result &= mask; } while(result >= code_length); // rejection sampling return result; } polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(polyn_gf2m const& other) :m_deg(other.m_deg), coeff(other.coeff), msp_field(other.msp_field) { } polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m( int d, std::shared_ptr sp_field) :m_deg(-1), coeff(d+1), msp_field(sp_field) { } std::string polyn_gf2m::to_string() const { int d = get_degree(); std::string result; for(int i = 0; i <= d; i ++) { result += std::to_string(this->coeff[i]); if(i != d) { result += ", "; } } return result; } /** * doesn't save coefficients: */ void polyn_gf2m::realloc(uint32_t new_size) { this->coeff = secure_vector(new_size); } polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(const uint8_t* mem, uint32_t mem_len, std::shared_ptr sp_field) :msp_field(sp_field) { if(mem_len % sizeof(gf2m)) { throw Botan::Decoding_Error("illegal length of memory to decode "); } uint32_t size = (mem_len / sizeof(this->coeff[0])) ; this->coeff = secure_vector(size); this->m_deg = -1; for(uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) { this->coeff[i] = decode_gf2m(mem); mem += sizeof(this->coeff[0]); } for(uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) { if(this->coeff[i] >= (1 << sp_field->get_extension_degree())) { throw Botan::Decoding_Error("error decoding polynomial"); } } this->get_degree(); } polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m( std::shared_ptr sp_field ) : m_deg(-1), coeff(1), msp_field(sp_field) {} polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(int degree, const unsigned char* mem, uint32_t mem_byte_len, std::shared_ptr sp_field) :msp_field(sp_field) { uint32_t j, k, l; gf2m a; uint32_t polyn_size; polyn_size = degree + 1; if(polyn_size * sp_field->get_extension_degree() > 8 * mem_byte_len) { throw Botan::Decoding_Error("memory vector for polynomial has wrong size"); } this->coeff = secure_vector(degree+1); gf2m ext_deg = this->msp_field->get_extension_degree(); for (l = 0; l < polyn_size; l++) { k = (l * ext_deg) / 8; j = (l * ext_deg) % 8; a = mem[k] >> j; if (j + ext_deg > 8) { a ^= mem[k + 1] << (8- j); } if(j + ext_deg > 16) { a ^= mem[k + 2] << (16- j); } a &= ((1 << ext_deg) - 1); (*this).set_coef( l, a); } this->get_degree(); } #if 0 void polyn_gf2m::encode(uint32_t min_numo_coeffs, uint8_t* mem, uint32_t mem_len) const { uint32_t i; uint32_t numo_coeffs, needed_size; this->get_degree(); numo_coeffs = (min_numo_coeffs > static_cast(this->m_deg+1)) ? min_numo_coeffs : this->m_deg+1; needed_size = sizeof(this->coeff[0]) * numo_coeffs; if(mem_len < needed_size) { Invalid_Argument("provided memory too small to encode polynomial"); } for(i = 0; i < numo_coeffs; i++) { gf2m to_enc; if(i >= static_cast(this->m_deg+1)) { /* encode a zero */ to_enc = 0; } else { to_enc = this->coeff[i]; } mem += encode_gf2m(to_enc, mem); } } #endif void polyn_gf2m::set_to_zero() { clear_mem(&this->coeff[0], this->coeff.size()); this->m_deg = -1; } int polyn_gf2m::get_degree() const { int d = this->coeff.size() - 1; while ((d >= 0) && (this->coeff[d] == 0)) --d; const_cast(this)->m_deg = d; return d; } static gf2m eval_aux(const gf2m * /*restrict*/ coeff, gf2m a, int d, std::shared_ptr sp_field) { gf2m b; b = coeff[d--]; for (; d >= 0; --d) if (b != 0) { b = sp_field->gf_mul(b, a) ^ coeff[d]; } else { b = coeff[d]; } return b; } gf2m polyn_gf2m::eval(gf2m a) { return eval_aux(&this->coeff[0], a, this->m_deg, this->msp_field); } // p will contain it's remainder modulo g void polyn_gf2m::remainder(polyn_gf2m &p, const polyn_gf2m & g) { int i, j, d; std::shared_ptr msp_field = g.msp_field; d = p.get_degree() - g.get_degree(); if (d >= 0) { gf2m la = msp_field->gf_inv_rn(g.get_lead_coef()); const int p_degree = p.get_degree(); BOTAN_ASSERT(p_degree > 0, "Valid polynomial"); for (i = p_degree; d >= 0; --i, --d) { if (p[i] != 0) { gf2m lb = msp_field->gf_mul_rrn(la, p[i]); for (j = 0; j < g.get_degree(); ++j) { p[j+d] ^= msp_field->gf_mul_zrz(lb, g[j]); } (*&p).set_coef( i, 0); } } p.set_degree( g.get_degree() - 1); while ((p.get_degree() >= 0) && (p[p.get_degree()] == 0)) p.set_degree( p.get_degree() - 1); } } std::vector polyn_gf2m::sqmod_init(const polyn_gf2m & g) { std::vector sq; const int signed_deg = g.get_degree(); if(signed_deg <= 0) throw Invalid_Argument("cannot compute sqmod for such low degree"); const uint32_t d = static_cast(signed_deg); uint32_t t = g.m_deg; // create t zero polynomials uint32_t i; for (i = 0; i < t; ++i) { sq.push_back(polyn_gf2m(t+1, g.get_sp_field())); } for (i = 0; i < d / 2; ++i) { sq[i].set_degree( 2 * i); (*&sq[i]).set_coef( 2 * i, 1); } for (; i < d; ++i) { clear_mem(&sq[i].coeff[0], 2); copy_mem(&sq[i].coeff[0] + 2, &sq[i - 1].coeff[0], d); sq[i].set_degree( sq[i - 1].get_degree() + 2); polyn_gf2m::remainder(sq[i], g); } return sq; } /*Modulo p square of a certain polynomial g, sq[] contains the square Modulo g of the base canonical polynomials of degree < d, where d is the degree of G. The table sq[] will be calculated by polyn_gf2m_sqmod_init*/ polyn_gf2m polyn_gf2m::sqmod( const std::vector & sq, int d) { int i, j; gf2m la; std::shared_ptr sp_field = this->msp_field; polyn_gf2m result(d - 1, sp_field); // terms of low degree for (i = 0; i < d / 2; ++i) { (*&result).set_coef( i * 2, sp_field->gf_square((*this)[i])); } // terms of high degree for (; i < d; ++i) { gf2m lpi = (*this)[i]; if (lpi != 0) { lpi = sp_field->gf_log(lpi); la = sp_field->gf_mul_rrr(lpi, lpi); for (j = 0; j < d; ++j) { result[j] ^= sp_field->gf_mul_zrz(la, sq[i][j]); } } } // Update degre result.set_degree( d - 1); while ((result.get_degree() >= 0) && (result[result.get_degree()] == 0)) result.set_degree( result.get_degree() - 1); return result; } // destructive polyn_gf2m polyn_gf2m::gcd_aux(polyn_gf2m& p1, polyn_gf2m& p2) { if (p2.get_degree() == -1) return p1; else { polyn_gf2m::remainder(p1, p2); return polyn_gf2m::gcd_aux(p2, p1); } } polyn_gf2m polyn_gf2m::gcd(polyn_gf2m const& p1, polyn_gf2m const& p2) { polyn_gf2m a(p1); polyn_gf2m b(p2); if (a.get_degree() < b.get_degree()) { return polyn_gf2m(polyn_gf2m::gcd_aux(b, a)); } else { return polyn_gf2m(polyn_gf2m::gcd_aux(a, b)); } } // Returns the degree of the smallest factor void polyn_gf2m::degppf(const polyn_gf2m & g, int* p_result) { int i, d; polyn_gf2m s(g.get_sp_field()); d = g.get_degree(); std::vector u = polyn_gf2m::sqmod_init(g); polyn_gf2m p( d - 1, g.msp_field); p.set_degree( 1); (*&p).set_coef( 1, 1); (*p_result) = d; for (i = 1; i <= (d / 2) * g.msp_field->get_extension_degree(); ++i) { polyn_gf2m r = p.sqmod(u, d); if ((i % g.msp_field->get_extension_degree()) == 0) { r[1] ^= 1; r.get_degree(); // The degree may change s = polyn_gf2m::gcd( g, r); if (s.get_degree() > 0) { (*p_result) = i / g.msp_field->get_extension_degree(); break; } r[1] ^= 1; r.get_degree(); // The degree may change } // No need for the exchange s s = p; p = r; r = s; } } void polyn_gf2m::patchup_deg_secure( uint32_t trgt_deg, volatile gf2m patch_elem) { uint32_t i; if(this->coeff.size() < trgt_deg) { return; } for(i = 0; i < this->coeff.size(); i++) { uint32_t equal, equal_mask; this->coeff[i] |= patch_elem; equal = (i == trgt_deg); equal_mask = expand_mask_16bit(equal); patch_elem &= ~equal_mask; } this->calc_degree_secure(); } // We suppose m_deg(g) >= m_deg(p) // v is the problem std::pair polyn_gf2m::eea_with_coefficients( const polyn_gf2m & p, const polyn_gf2m & g, int break_deg) { std::shared_ptr msp_field = g.msp_field; int i, j, dr, du, delta; gf2m a; polyn_gf2m aux; // initialisation of the local variables // r0 <- g, r1 <- p, u0 <- 0, u1 <- 1 dr = g.get_degree(); BOTAN_ASSERT(dr > 3, "Valid polynomial"); polyn_gf2m r0(dr, g.msp_field); polyn_gf2m r1(dr - 1, g.msp_field); polyn_gf2m u0(dr - 1, g.msp_field); polyn_gf2m u1(dr - 1, g.msp_field); r0 = g; r1 = p; u0.set_to_zero(); u1.set_to_zero(); (*&u1).set_coef( 0, 1); u1.set_degree( 0); // invariants: // r1 = u1 * p + v1 * g // r0 = u0 * p + v0 * g // and m_deg(u1) = m_deg(g) - m_deg(r0) // It stops when m_deg (r1) = t) // And therefore m_deg (u1) = m_deg (g) - m_deg (r0) = break_deg) { for (j = delta; j >= 0; --j) { a = msp_field->gf_div(r0[dr + j], r1[dr]); if (a != 0) { gf2m la = msp_field->gf_log(a); // u0(z) <- u0(z) + a * u1(z) * z^j for (i = 0; i <= du; ++i) { u0[i + j] ^= msp_field->gf_mul_zrz(la, u1[i]); } // r0(z) <- r0(z) + a * r1(z) * z^j for (i = 0; i <= dr; ++i) { r0[i + j] ^= msp_field->gf_mul_zrz(la, r1[i]); } } } // end loop over j if(break_deg != 1) /* key eq. solving */ { /* [ssms_icisc09] Countermeasure * d_break from paper equals break_deg - 1 * */ volatile gf2m fake_elem = 0x01; volatile gf2m cond1, cond2; int trgt_deg = r1.get_degree() - 1; r0.calc_degree_secure(); u0.calc_degree_secure(); if(!(g.get_degree() % 2)) { /* t even */ cond1 = r0.get_degree() < break_deg - 1; } else { /* t odd */ cond1 = r0.get_degree() < break_deg; cond2 = u0.get_degree() < break_deg - 1; cond1 &= cond2; } /* expand cond1 to a full mask */ gf2m mask = generate_gf2m_mask(cond1); fake_elem &= mask; r0.patchup_deg_secure(trgt_deg, fake_elem); } if(break_deg == 1) /* syndrome inversion */ { volatile gf2m fake_elem = 0x00; volatile uint32_t trgt_deg = 0; r0.calc_degree_secure(); u0.calc_degree_secure(); /** * countermeasure against the low weight attacks for w=4, w=6 and w=8. * Higher values are not covered since for w=8 we already have a * probability for a positive of 1/n^3 from random ciphertexts with the * given weight. For w = 10 it would be 1/n^4 and so on. Thus attacks * based on such high values of w are considered impractical. * * The outer test for the degree of u ( Omega in the paper ) needs not to * be disguised. Each of the three is performed at most once per EEA * (syndrome inversion) execution, the attacker knows this already when * preparing the ciphertext with the given weight. Inside these three * cases however, we must use timing neutral (branch free) operations to * implement the condition detection and the counteractions. * */ if(u0.get_degree() == 4) { uint32_t mask = 0; /** * Condition that the EEA would break now */ int cond_r = r0.get_degree() == 0; /** * Now come the conditions for all odd coefficients of this sigma * candiate. If they are all fulfilled, then we know that we have a low * weight error vector, since the key-equation solving EEA is skipped if * the degree of tau^2 is low (=m_deg(u0)) and all its odd cofficients are * zero (they would cause "full-length" contributions from the square * root computation). */ // Condition for the coefficient to Y to be cancelled out by the // addition of Y before the square root computation: int cond_u1 = msp_field->gf_mul(u0.coeff[1], msp_field->gf_inv(r0.coeff[0])) == 1; // Condition sigma_3 = 0: int cond_u3 = u0.coeff[3] == 0; // combine the conditions: cond_r &= (cond_u1 & cond_u3); // mask generation: mask = expand_mask_16bit(cond_r); trgt_deg = 2 & mask; fake_elem = 1 & mask; } else if(u0.get_degree() == 6) { uint32_t mask = 0; int cond_r= r0.get_degree() == 0; int cond_u1 = msp_field->gf_mul(u0.coeff[1], msp_field->gf_inv(r0.coeff[0])) == 1; int cond_u3 = u0.coeff[3] == 0; int cond_u5 = u0.coeff[5] == 0; cond_r &= (cond_u1 & cond_u3 & cond_u5); mask = expand_mask_16bit(cond_r); trgt_deg = 4 & mask; fake_elem = 1 & mask; } else if(u0.get_degree() == 8) { uint32_t mask = 0; int cond_r= r0.get_degree() == 0; int cond_u1 = msp_field->gf_mul(u0[1], msp_field->gf_inv(r0[0])) == 1; int cond_u3 = u0.coeff[3] == 0; int cond_u5 = u0.coeff[5] == 0; int cond_u7 = u0.coeff[7] == 0; cond_r &= (cond_u1 & cond_u3 & cond_u5 & cond_u7); mask = expand_mask_16bit(cond_r); trgt_deg = 6 & mask; fake_elem = 1 & mask; } r0.patchup_deg_secure(trgt_deg, fake_elem); } // exchange aux = r0; r0 = r1; r1 = aux; aux = u0; u0 = u1; u1 = aux; du = du + delta; delta = 1; while (r1[dr - delta] == 0) { delta++; } dr -= delta; } /* end while loop (dr >= break_deg) */ u1.set_degree( du); r1.set_degree( dr); //return u1 and r1; return std::make_pair(u1,r1); // coefficients u,v } polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(int t, Botan::RandomNumberGenerator& rng, std::shared_ptr sp_field) :m_deg(t), coeff(t+1), msp_field(sp_field) { (*this).set_coef( t, 1); int degree = 0; do { for (int i = 0; i < t; ++i) { (*this).set_coef( i, random_code_element(sp_field->get_cardinality(), rng)); } polyn_gf2m::degppf(*this, °ree); } while (degree < t); } void polyn_gf2m::poly_shiftmod( const polyn_gf2m & g) { if(g.get_degree() <= 1) { throw Invalid_Argument("shiftmod cannot be called on polynomials of degree 1 or less"); } std::shared_ptr field = g.msp_field; int t = g.get_degree(); gf2m a = field->gf_div(this->coeff[t-1], g.coeff[t]); for (int i = t - 1; i > 0; --i) { this->coeff[i] = this->coeff[i - 1] ^ this->msp_field->gf_mul(a, g.coeff[i]); } this->coeff[0] = field->gf_mul(a, g.coeff[0]); } std::vector polyn_gf2m::sqrt_mod_init(const polyn_gf2m & g) { uint32_t i, t; uint32_t nb_polyn_sqrt_mat; std::shared_ptr msp_field = g.msp_field; std::vector result; t = g.get_degree(); nb_polyn_sqrt_mat = t/2; std::vector sq_aux = polyn_gf2m::sqmod_init(g); polyn_gf2m p( t - 1, g.get_sp_field()); p.set_degree( 1); (*&p).set_coef( 1, 1); // q(z) = 0, p(z) = z for (i = 0; i < t * msp_field->get_extension_degree() - 1; ++i) { // q(z) <- p(z)^2 mod g(z) polyn_gf2m q = p.sqmod(sq_aux, t); // q(z) <-> p(z) polyn_gf2m aux = q; q = p; p = aux; } // p(z) = z^(2^(tm-1)) mod g(z) = sqrt(z) mod g(z) for (i = 0; i < nb_polyn_sqrt_mat; ++i) { result.push_back(polyn_gf2m(t - 1, g.get_sp_field())); } result[0] = p; result[0].get_degree(); for(i = 1; i < nb_polyn_sqrt_mat; i++) { result[i] = result[i - 1]; result[i].poly_shiftmod(g), result[i].get_degree(); } return result; } std::vector syndrome_init(polyn_gf2m const& generator, std::vector const& support, int n) { int i,j,t; gf2m a; std::shared_ptr msp_field = generator.msp_field; std::vector result; t = generator.get_degree(); //g(z)=g_t+g_(t-1).z^(t-1)+......+g_1.z+g_0 //f(z)=f_(t-1).z^(t-1)+......+f_1.z+f_0 for(j=0;j=0;i--) { (*&result[j]).set_coef(i, (generator)[i+1] ^ msp_field->gf_mul(lex_to_gray(support[j]),result[j][i+1])); } a = ((generator)[0] ^ msp_field->gf_mul(lex_to_gray(support[j]),result[j][0])); for(i=0;igf_div(result[j][i],a)); } } return result; } polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(const secure_vector& encoded, std::shared_ptr sp_field ) :msp_field(sp_field) { if(encoded.size() % 2) { throw Decoding_Error("encoded polynomial has odd length"); } for(uint32_t i = 0; i < encoded.size(); i += 2) { gf2m el = (encoded[i] << 8) | encoded[i + 1]; coeff.push_back(el); } get_degree(); } secure_vector polyn_gf2m::encode() const { secure_vector result; if(m_deg < 1) { result.push_back(0); result.push_back(0); return result; } uint32_t len = m_deg+1; for(unsigned i = 0; i < len; i++) { // "big endian" encoding of the GF(2^m) elements result.push_back(coeff[i] >> 8); result.push_back(coeff[i]); } return result; } void polyn_gf2m::swap(polyn_gf2m& other) { std::swap(this->m_deg, other.m_deg); std::swap(this->msp_field, other.msp_field); std::swap(this->coeff, other.coeff); } bool polyn_gf2m::operator==(const polyn_gf2m & other) const { if(m_deg != other.m_deg || coeff != other.coeff) { return false; } return true; } }